SEAM 4

• Within each of the 9 hazard classes dangerous goods are uniquely identified by two pieces of information:

  ·         A four-digit number known as the UN Number which is preceded by the letters UN.

  ·         The corresponding Proper Shipping Name (PSN).
• • PG I - denotes high danger and therefore requires the highest standard of packaging;

  • PG II - denotes medium danger;

  • PG III - denotes low danger.

   Labeling - specifically refers to Class label(s) and Subsidiary Risk labels.

  Marking - refers to the UN number (preceded by the letters ‘UN’) and corresponding Proper Shipping Name eg ‘UN 2902 PESTICIDE, LIQUID, TOXIC, N.O.S. (contains 80% drazoxolon)’.

  Marks - these include special marks such as the orientation, marine pollutant, environmentally hazardous and elevated temperature marks.
• Separated from


  In different compartments or holds when stowed under deck. Provided the intervening deck is resistant to fire and liquid, a vertical separation, i.e. in different compartments, may be accepted as equivalent to this segregation. For on deck stowage, this segregation means a separation by a distance of at least 6 metres horizontally
• Separated longitudinally by an intervening complete compartment or hold from


  Vertical separation alone does not meet this requirement. Between a package under deck and one on deck, a minimum distance of 24 m, including a complete compartment, must be maintained longitudinally. For on deck stowage, this segregation means a separation by a distance of at least 24 metres longitudinally
• Separated by a complete compartment or hold from


  Either a vertical or a horizontal separation. If the intervening decks are not resistant to fire and liquid, then only a longitudinal separation, i.e. by an intervening complete compartment or hold, is acceptable. For on deck stowage, this segregation means a separation by a distance of at least 12 metres horizontally. The same distance has to be applied if one package is stowed on deck, and the other one in an upper compartment
• Away from


  Effectively segregated so that the incompatible goods cannot interact dangerously in the event of an accident but may be transported in the same compartment or hold or on deck, provided a minimum horizontal separation of 3 metres, projected vertically is obtained
• Regulatory authority may require signals to be shown while transporting or handling dangerous substance:

  • by day, flag ‘B‘ of the International Code of Signals

  • by night, an all-round fixed red light
• Port authority – means any person or body of persons empowered to exercise effective control in a port area. He can refuse dangerous substances if it is considered that their presence would endanger life or property because of:
• Regulatory authority – means the national, regional or local authority empowered to make legal requirements in respect of a port area and having powers to enforce the legal requirements.
• Responsible person / Designated person – a person appointed by a shoreside employer or by the master of a ship who is empowered to take all decisions relating to a specific task, having necessary current knowledge and experience for the purpose and, where required is suitably certificated or otherwise recognized by the regulatory authority
• A tanker is a merchant vessel designed to transport liquids or gases in bulk. The main types of tankers are:

  • Oil Tanker – tanker for the carriage of crude-oil
  • Shuttle Tanker - tanker ship for the carriage of crude-oil directly from the offshore oil fields to terminals or refineries.
  • Product Tanker - tanker for the carriage of refined products derived from crude oil (gasoline, Diesel oil, jet fuel) from the refineries.
  • Chemical (Parcel Tanker) - tanker for the carriage of chemical products in bulk.
  • Liquefied Gas Tanker (LPG and LNG) – tanker for the carriage of condensed gases
• Accommodation


  Safe space wherein crew members stay for resting, eating and other indoor related works
• Cargo Tanks


  A tank intended primarily for the carriage of liquids or gases (including appurtenances, reinforcements, fittings, and closures)
• Cofferdams


  A void or empty compartment is provided between the tanks to prevent two different liquids from mixing with each other
• Ventilators leading to accommodation and machinery spaces


  Vents leading to accommodation and machinery spaces that are designed to prevent the volatile cargo vapours from entering these accommodation and machinery spaces
• Pump-room


  A room in which any pumps used for loading, discharging or transferring oil cargoes are located
• Deep tanks


  A deep compartment usually extending from tank top to lower deck
• After peak tanks


  The compartment or tank in the narrow part of the stern, aft of the last water-tight bulkhead
• Segregated Ballast Tanks


  Ballast water tank in a tanker which is completely separated from oil cargoes and fuel oil system and is permanently allocated to the carriage of ballast; this arrangement reduces the risk of pollution when deballasting; commonly abbreviated as SBT
• Fore peak tanks


  The large compartment or tank, at the bow in the lower part of the ship
• Slop Tanks


  A tank specifically designated for the collection of tank draining, tanks washings and other oily mixtures
• Direct pipeline system is used for Crude Carriers where separation of oil grades is not so important. This is the simplest type of pipeline system which uses fewer valves than the others. It takes oil directly from the tank to the pump and so reduces friction. One pump is assigned to each section by a main pipeline, which in turn is connected to tanks by tailpipes and gate valves It is cheaper to install and maintain. 
• Ring main system is for Product tankers where segregation of cargo is required. It is if circular or square layout with separate suction tail pipes tapped off to each tank and controlled by a gate valve.
• Free flow system avoids the use of extensive pipelines, but has the disadvantage that the tanks can only be emptied simultaneously or in a fixed sequence.  Oil reaches the pump through a suction tail pipe in the after tank and from the remaining tanks through valves in the transverse bulkheads between the tanks
• Enhanced survey programme is a guideline for shipping companies and owners to prepare their ships for special surveys to maintain the safety of the vessel while at sea or at a port.
• Enhanced Survey programme is developed in such a way that it can be integrated with other surveys which are performed at following intervals:

  • Annual
  • Intermediate Survey
  • Dry Dock Survey
  • Renewal Survey
• Spiked Crude      It is a crude oil blended with condensate or natural gas liquids. One usually is butane (which are found on lighters). It has additional petroleum  gas, usually butane, dissolved in it before shipment.

  Sour Crude Oil     Some crudes are naturally high in sulphur. If there is more than 2.5% sulfur present, they are called 'sour' crudes.
• Petroleum


  An oily mixture of hydrocarbons that can be extracted from layers of rock and used to produce fuel
• Methane


  A colorless, odorless flammable gas that is the main constituent of natural gas
• Crude oil


  Naturally occurring unprocessed petroleum
• Petroleum


  Covers both crude oil and petroleum products
• Sweet crude   - Crude oil with very little sulfur in it. Excess sulfur has to be removed from crude at the refinery, a process that costs extra money.

   Light Crude   -  Depending on the field, some crude oils are naturally 'runny' and light. They are easy to refine, and are highly sought after. These are lower density oils.

   Heavy Crude   -  Others are very thick, viscous, and heavy. Heavier oils are often found relatively close to the surface. Any lighter more volatile components that might have been formed have vaporized and found their way to the surface and disappeared.
•  Auto-Ignition Temperature     (also kindling point)Characteristic  of a substance which  is the lowest temperature at which it will spontaneously ignite in normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark. This temperature is required to supply the activation energy needed for combustion.
•  Viscosity      is the fluid’s Internal resistance to flow. Low viscosity refers to substances that are thin, such as water, while high viscosity substances are thick. An example of a high viscosity liquid is heavy fuel oil. As the temperature decreases, the liquid’s molecules slows down, drawing the particles closer together, hence greater bond between them and thus increasing the internal resistance, increasing its viscosity.
•  Pour Point     The pour point of a liquid is the temperature at which it becomes semi solid and loses its flow characteristics. In crude oil, pour point must be kept in mind specially when handling and storing liquid cargoes. Carrying temperatures of the cargo must be maintained substantially higher than the pour point in order for smooth cargo operation.
• R.O.B (Remaining On Board)     It is the amount of residues (liquid or dry) left from previous cargo operation  and is determined by tank inspection prior the loading operation or  tank inspection after the discharging operation.  Otherwise called as the un-pumpable. This must be accounted in order to calculate the actual amount  cargo that has been loaded or discharged.
•  Pumproom

  A pumproom contains the largest concentration of cargo pipelines of any space within the ship and leakage of a volatile product from any part of this system could lead to the rapid generation of a flammable or toxic atmosphere. The pumproom may also contain a number of potential ignition sources unless formal, structured maintenance, inspection and monitoring procedures are strictly followed.
•  Smoking

  It is prohibited on the tank deck or any other place where petroleum gas may be encountered.  Smoking should be permitted only at times and in places specified by the master. The designated smoking places on a tanker or on shore should be agreed in writing between the responsible officer and the terminal representative before the operations start.
•  Matches

  Safety matches should be provided only in approved smoking locations and should not be taken outside nor should be carried on deck and on terminals. The use of all mechanical lighters and portable lighters with electrical ignition sources are prohibited onboard tankers.
• Naked Lights

  Naked Lights must be prohibited on the tank deck and in any other place where there is a risk that petroleum gas may be present.