UCSP

• Culture – consists of the shared values, customs, and linguistic and communicational systems that can be used to identify a group of people as a whole
• Society – group of people that shares territory, interaction, and culture.
• Politics – all about making policy for the government
• Internal Political Change – changes are suggested by country residents.
• External Political Change – changes happen when it is initiated by other countries.
• Dissolution of a Society

  • When the people kill each other through civil revolution;
  • When an outside force exterminates the members of the society; and
  • When an existing society is submerged in water killing all the people and other living things in it.
• Enculturation – process of learning own culture Acculturation – process of learning another culture
• Hunting & Gathering – they survive by hunting animals, fishing, and gathering plants.
• Pastoral – they raised animals to provide milk, fur, and blood for protein.
• Horticultural – they rely on cultivating fruits, vegetables, and plants.
• Agricultural – use technological advances to cultivate crops
• Industrial – use technology and machinery to enable mass production
• Post-Industrial – spread of computer technology
• Causes of Cultural Change

  Discovery, Invention, Diffusion, Colonization, Rebellion
• Cultural relativism – the practice that one must understood in the context of their locality

  • Absolute Cultural Relativism – culture even when considered strange should not be questioned. Ex: Foot binding & Female Genital Mutilation
  • Critical Cultural Relativism – importance to find out why some cultures are practiced so asking questions is fine.
• Ethnocentrism – seen as the most efficient and superior among the cultures in the world
• Xenocentrism – belief that another culture is superior to one’s own
• Cultural Variation – rich diversity in social patterns that different human group exhibit around the world
• Subculture – have a specific and unique set of beliefs and values that set them apart from dominant culture

  Examples: emos, hipsters, hippies, punks
• Counter Culture – A group that actively rejects the dominant cultural values and norms
• High Culture – a culture practiced and patronized by the upper classes of the society
• Popular Culture – is a culture practiced or patronized by the middle and working classes of the society.

  Examples: Entertainment (films, music, video games), Sports, Politics, Fashion, Technologies, Slangs
• Types of Sanctions

  • Formal Positive a reward given by an institution to encourage conformity.
  • Formal Negative a punishment by an institution to enforce conformity
  • Informal Positive a reward given by an individual/group that encouraging conformity.
  • Informal Negative a punishment given by an individual/group to coerce conformity.
• In-group – a group whom you belong
• Out-group – the group that an individual is not part of
• Reference Group – Its central aspect is self-identification rather than actual membership
• Secondary Group – More formal in context as the relationship and interactions in this are LIMITED to a particular ROLE
• Primary Group – Direct sources of an individual’s social skills and knowledge.
• Social Aggregate – Individuals gather in the same place but not sharing similar characteristics.
• Social Groups – consist of individuals who are united by their similar characteristics.
• Social Interactionism – One-to-one interactions and communications.
• Structural Functionalism – The way each part of society functions together to contribute to the whole.
• Conflict Theory – The way “inequalities” contribute to social differences and perpetuate differences in power.
• Conformity – act of following the roles and goals of one's society & Deviance – act of violating the social norms/doing the opposite
• ID – pleasure and demands gratification

  EGO – “The Decision-Maker”

  SUPEREGO – conscience
• Preconscious – accessible and retrievable information is located

  Conscious – this level of the mind has the accessible information & memories

  Unconscious – inaccessible memories, thoughts, emotions, and feelings
• George Herbert Mead – Social Self

  Charles Horton Cooley – Looking Glass Self Theory
• • Social – Ex: Social Classes, Social Issues/Problems, material possessions, clothing
  • Cultural symbols & practices– Ex: Baro’t Saya, Jeepney, Philippine Flag, traditional medical practices (albularyo), religious practices ( Misa de Gallo & Swaying at St. Claire of Obando, Bulacan), Culinary Practices, Child-rearing practices (pagmamano, paggamit ng ‘po’ at ‘opo’)
  • Economic symbols & practices– Ex: Philippine Peso, Alkansya, Paluwagan, Lucky Charms, Sideline/Raket
  • Political symbols & practices– Ex: banners, motto, flag, political dynasties, padrino system, Traditional Politicians
• Nature – hereditary

  Nurture – environment
• Family – the first and the closest contact a child has since they were born.

  Peers – social group of people of the same age group

  School – develops an individual's knowledge, values, and skills to become productive member of a society.

  Church – socialization in religious organizations are centered on religious belief system.

  Mass Media – brings spreads cultures and knowledge across the world near to an individual