the holderness

• flamborough head


  - no active intervention

  - resistant chalk is eroding slowly so theres few issues requiring management
• where is hold the line taking place?

  - bridlington - concrete sea wall and groyne

  - hornsea - concrete sea wall, groynes, revetments and rock armour

  - withernsea - sea wall, groynes, rock armour
• why is hold the line in bridlington, hornsea and withernsea?

  - theyre coastal tourist towns with 6000+ residents each

  - protection her is guaranteed until 2100
• issues with the hold the line at holderness

  - has deprived areas further south of sediment - exacerbating erosion

  - lack of beach = incr erosion of cliff
• where are gas terminals located?

  - easington

  - only protected while gas terminal is still functioning

  —— then will revert to no active intervention
• Easington


  - hold the line

  - 1km inland from coast

  - gas terminals account for 20% UK gas

  —— retrieves natural gas and imports it
• kilnsea


  - lost 300m in last 150 years

  - locals created flood bank with ditches - controls direction of water

  - managed retreat - predicted to only last 20 years but will give them time to adapt
• Flamborough Head


  - boulder clay overlying chalk (over 300m thick chalk)

  - chalk subject to tectonic movement

  - formation of headlands, bays, caves, arches, wave cut platforms, blowholes
• when did the chalk at Flamborough head form?

  - 75 million years ago

  - originated in warm tropical seas
• weathering at Flamborough head

  physical - freeze thaw, exfoliation, wetting and drying

  biological - plants and animals, vegetation

  chemical - carbonation (with the chalk)
• spurn head


  - important for many things - shipping, wildlife, life boat station

  - head is slowly rotating into humber estuary

  —— they've created a rubber road to allow the rod to move

  —— managed retreat
• chalks structure


  AREA OF WEAKNESS!!!

  - horizontal bedding plains

  - vertical faults
• erosion at flamborough head

  - hydraulic action (force of water)

  - wave quarrying

  - attrition

  - abrasion
• river humber


  - decreasing supplies of sediment means less protection

  - this increases flood risk
• north east prevailing winds

  - creates long fetch

  - drives powerful waves towards coast

  - creates high energy environment - lots of erosion
• bridlington bay to spurn head

  - extensive zone of erosion and transportation characterised by rapid cliff retreat

  - erosion is 1.2m on average a year - reaching 10m in some areas

  - very narrow beaches = little protection
• spurn head


  - nourished by sediment transfer

  - important role in protecting towns from the effects pf storm waves and flooding

  - low energy environments

  - depositional landform

  - cliffs retreating overtime - creating stacks and wave cut platforms
• when was spurn head first formed?

  - 8,000 years ago

  - cycle of growth and declune lasting 350 years
• boulder clay


  - deposited at end of last ice age

  - unconsolidated material (faster to erode)

  - mass movement - slumping

  weathering:

  - wetting and drying (significant effect)

  - vegetation
• mappleton


  - fewer than 200 residents

  - recieved £3.5 million in 1991

  - main road connecting settlements along the coast - cheaper to build defences than move road

  - funded w central and local government + EU grant
• defences at mappleton


  - 2 granite groynes designed to trap sediment

  - granite boulders providing rock armour along base of cliff

  - landscaping of cliff profile, reduces chance of slumping

  - deliberate seeding of cliff surface w grass species to bind surface and reduce slumping
• threats to holderness


  - sea levels predicted to be 35mm higher by 2050

  - increase risk of storms due to increasing temp

  —— result in severe flooding and erosion

  - all areas at risk to erosion - especially southern section
• social impacts pf erosion on holderness

  - around 30 villages lost

  - decrease in population

  - properties are losing value - negative equity
• economic impacts of erosion on holderness

  - less tourists

  - not enough people to warent shops and services - forced to close down

  - money has to be spent on coastal management

  - easington gas terminal is at risk

  - 80000m squared of farmland lost each year
• environmental impacts of erosion on holderness

  - wildlife behind spurn head is losing biodiversity

  - SSSIs are threatened by erosion