Carbohydrates

• Disaccharides

  Consist of two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds formed in condensation reactions
• Glucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms in each molecule and is the main substrate for respiration
• Types of saccharides

  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Carbohydrates


  Molecules consisting only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, long chains of sugar units called saccharides
• Monosaccharides


  Simple sugar monomer, e.g., Glucose
• Polysaccharides


  Consist of many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds formed in condensation reactions
• Monosaccharide


  The individual sugar monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made
• Glycosidic bond


  A bond between two monosaccharides formed in a condensation reaction
• Condensation reaction


  A type of reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond involving the elimination of a molecule of water
• Amylose


  An unbranched polysaccharide made up of alpha glucose monomers joined by α 1-4 glycosidic bonds that makes up starch along with amylopectin
• Hydrolysis


  Breaking a chemical bond between two molecules involving the use of a water molecule
• Glycogen


  A highly branched polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers that is used as the main storage of energy in humans and animals
• Disaccharide


  Molecules formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides
• Amylopectin


  A branched polysaccharide made up of alpha glucose monomers joined by α 1-6 glycosidic bonds that makes up starch along with amylose
• Starch


  A polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers that is used as the main storage of energy in plants
• Polysaccharide


  Molecules formed by the condensation of many monosaccharides
• Disaccharides

  • Maltose (formed by condensation of two glucose molecules)
  • Sucrose (formed by condensation of glucose & fructose)
  • Lactose (formed by condensation of glucose & galactose)
• Polysaccharides

  • Glycogen (main energy storage molecule in animals, formed from many molecules of alpha glucose joined by 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds)
  • Starch (mixture of amylose and amylopectin)
• Glycosidic bonds


  Formed in condensation reactions (in which a molecule of water is removed)
• Amylopectin


  Branched chain of glucose molecules joined by 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds, rapidly digested for quick energy release
• Polysaccharides


  Formed from many glucose units joined together
• Monosaccharides

  • Glucose (contains six carbon atoms, main substrate for respiration)
  • Ribose (contains five carbon atoms, a pentose sugar, component of DNA and RNA)
• Amylose


  Unbranched chain of glucose molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds, coiled and compact for energy storage
• Disaccharides are soluble in water
• Starch is insoluble in water and is a storage form of glucose
• Glycogen is insoluble in water used for storage in animals