prelim micp

• Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro suggested the possibility of disease spreading by unseen organisms in the first century
• Microbiology


  Study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye
• Pathogens


  Microorganisms that cause illness in humans
• Hans Christian Gram (1853 – 1938) invented the Gram staining technique and devised a system of classification for bacteria
• Evolution of Microbiology
• Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) is the Father of modern microbiology and introduced pasteurization
• Edward Jenner (1749-1823) was the first to prevent smallpox
• Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703) was the first to use a microscope to observe living things and discovered the cell, the basic unit of a living organism
• The combined efforts of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch established the Germ theory of disease
• John Tyndall (1820 – 1893) discovered endospores and the process of Tyndallisation for sterilization
• Robert Koch (1843 – 1910) isolated anthrax bacillus, discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and established Koch’s four postulates
• Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1955) discovered the first antibiotic penicillin in 1929
• Jainism postulated existence of unseen microbiological life
• Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 -1723) observed microorganisms using a microscope of his own design and is known as the "Father of Microbiology"
• Theodor Escherich (1857 – 1911) discovered Escherichia coli and its relationship to digestion
• Microorganism


  A tiny living thing, too small to be seen by the naked eye
• Joseph Lister (1827-1912) introduced aseptic techniques for control of microbes and is known as the "Father of Antiseptic Surgery"
• Paul Ehrlich (1854 – 1915) discovered treatments for African sleeping sickness and syphilis, marking the beginning of chemotherapy
• Tyndallisation


  Prolonged boiling or intermittent heating was necessary to kill endospores and make the infusion completely sterilized
• Curved rods include Vibrios, Spirilla, and Spirochetes
• Significance to the Nursing Profession

  • Line of defense against microorganisms
  • Cut the chain of infection
  • Accurate nursing interventions and management
• Selman Abraham Waksman (1888 – 1973) researched decomposition of soil organisms leading to the discovery of streptomycin and several other antibiotics
• Bacteria are simple, single-celled organisms without a true nucleus
• Bacteria grow in many environments and are grouped into Anaerobic, Aerobic, and Facultative Anaerobes
• John Tyndall (1820 – 1893) discovered highly resistant bacterial structure, later known as endospore, in the infusion of hay
• Endospores are produced by bacteria to tolerate adverse conditions
• Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, described as the "savior of mothers," proposed the practice of washing hands with chlorinated lime solutions in 1847
• Luc Antoine Montagnier (1932) discovered the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 1983 at the Pasteur Institute in Paris
• Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser (1855 – 1916) discovered the causative agent of gonorrhea, named Neisseria gonorrhoeae in his honor
• Bacteria are classified by shape and arrangement, including Cocci, Bacilli, Endospores, and Curved rods
• Classification of Pathogens

  • Bacteria
  • Cocci
  • Bacilli
  • Endospores
  • Curved rods
• John Snow (1813 – 1858), the "Father of Field Epidemiology," conducted studies of cholera outbreaks to discover the cause of disease and prevent its recurrence
• Protozoa

  • Amoeboid (Amebas/Amoeba), Ciliates, Flagellates, Sporozoa
• Microbiology - Basic

  • By Organism: bacteriology, physiology, mycology, parasitology, protozoology
  • By Process: microbial metabolism, genetics
  • Disease-related: Immunology, epidemiology, etiology
• Microbiology - Applied

  • Disease-related: bacteriology, physiology, mycology, parasitology, protozoology
  • Environmentally-related: microbial metabolism, genetics, industrial
  • Immunology, epidemiology, etiology
• Other types of bacteria

  • Flagella
  • Mycoplasma
  • Chlamydia
• Bacteria


  • Campylobacter jejuni (responsible for campylobacteriosis)
• Fungi


  • Yeasts, Molds, Mycotic, Candida
• Virus

  • HIV, Varicella, Rubella, Rubeola, Mumps virus, Influenza, Ebola, Polio, Hepatitis, MERS, SARS, COVID 19
• Helminths

  • Flatworms, Acanthocephala