adaptations of the muscular system to exercise

• the muscle size and hypertrophy of type 2x muscle fibres increase after anaerobic exercise. It increases in protein in the muscle cells so that 2x and 2a muscle fibre types become larger
• hypertrophy is the increase in size and strength of a muscle or organ due to an increase in the number of cells
• tendon strength increases during anaerobic exercise as it gets stronger to manage contraction of a larger muscle
• tendons join muscle to bone
• number and size of mitochondria increase during aerobic exercise because due to increased hypertrophy, there is more room for bigger and more mitochondria
• myoglobin stores increase in aerobic exercise. oxygen binds to the muscle so more energy is available
• increased glycogen and carbohydrate stores due to aerobic exercise mean that the body adapts to the increased demand for glucose
• there are increased energy stores (ATP/PC) in the muscle fibres after anaerobic exercise
• fat stores increase after aerobic exercise because of the increase in blood glucose concentration
• after anaerobic exercise, tolerance to lactate increases because of increased blood flow to muscles and also because your body produces it more during anaerobic exercise
• after microtears form in myofibrils, satellite cells are stimulated to multiply and fuse with the myofibril, helping to repair damage. During the fuse, the fibre increases in size (due to protein increase) and strength causing increased hypertrophy
• as a muscle becomes larger and stronger, tendons attaching muscle to bone adapt so that they can manage the increased force of contraction of the larger muscle
• mitochondria are found in the muscle cells and they generate energy with the use of oxygen . regular aerobic exercise increases the size and number of these so that more energy can be produced so you can exercise for longer without fatigue
• myoglobin is found in the muscle cells and acts as an oxygen store. More myoglobin means more oxygen transported to mitochondria so it improves aerobic energy production
• glycogen is a stored form of glucose. in long term exercise, the body adapts to store more glycogen for energy production so that you can train at a higher intensity for longer
• myoglobin increases with aerobic exercise. myoglobin is an oxygen binding protein that acts as an oxygen store in the muscle. increased myoglobin means that more oxygen is released to the mitochondria for energy production
• energy stores (ATP/PC) increase with anaerobic exercise. ATP stores small amounts of energy in muscle so it can contract. We break down PC to rebuild ATP once it has been used. By increasing stores of these, we increase the muscles ability to work quickly
• after anaerobic exercise, fat stores increase. we use fat (triglycerides) to produce energy through aerobic glycolysis. Through training, fats can be used more efficiently when carbs are low. These are needed in events that last a long period of time
• after repetitive anaerobic exercise, one develops an increased tolerance to lactate. anaerobic training stimulates the muscles to be able to tolerate lactic acid production better and to clear it more efficiently. Too much lactic acid can cause muscle fatigue and pain.