PR 1

• Research can be categorized into Basic Research and Applied Research
• Research is an organized investigation and study of materials and sources to create facts and reach new inferences. It helps develop appropriate solutions to improve the individual's quality of life
• Research helps society answer the WHAT and HOW questions by providing proper investigation and valid conclusions
• Basic Research


  Develops scientific theories to be more understandable to readers
• Applied Research


  Is a direct application, increasing understanding about the problem
• Research Processes

  1. Define research problem

  2. Review of related literature

  3. Formulating hypothesis

  4. Research design

  5. Collecting data

  6. Analyzing data
• Research is empirical, systematic, controlled, employs hypothesis, analytical, objective, and requires original work
• Research is a type of investigation that needs an answer to a specific question, providing solutions and validation for real-world application
• Research is important for developing appropriate solutions and improving the quality of life
• Types of research

  • Basic Research
  • Applied Research
• Major characteristics of research

  • Empirical - based on observations and experiments of theories
  • Systematic - follows orderly and sequential procedures
  • Controlled - all variables, except those tested, are kept constant
  • Employs hypothesis - search for facts, answers, and solutions
  • Analytical - shows analytical procedures in data gathering
  • Objective - unbiased and logical
  • Original work - requires its own examination and produces needed data
• Research is essential for answering questions, providing solutions, and facilitating real-world applications
• Stages of Research

  1. OF RELATED LITERATURE: What evidence is already presented?

  2. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS: How are we going to find/look for the answer to questions being studied?

  3. RESEARCH DESIGN: Where will the study be shown and with what population?

  4. COLLECTING DATA: Are we ready to gather the data? Where do we find the data?

  5. ANALYZING DATA: How do the data answer the research queries?

  6. INTERPRET AND REPORT: What are the implications of the results?
• According to Resnik, 2007, ethical norms are significant in conducting research studies as explained in the following:
• Third, ensure that researchers are held accountable to the public.
• Second, ethical norms help individuals to be accountable in every act that the researcher/s undertake.
• Lastly, an ethical norm in research also needs public awareness.
• First, ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and credibility. It also fosters values that are essential to collaborative work.
• Carefulness is avoiding careless errors and negligence
• Responsible mentoring is helping to educate, mentor, and advise others
• Legality is being informed and obeying relevant laws and institutional governmental policies
• Openness is sharing data, results, ideas and tools, being open to criticism and new ideas
• Human subject is minimizing risks that involve human lives, dignity, and privacy
• Honesty is maintaining all communication and data should not be faked
• Non-discrimination is avoiding discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, races, ethnicity, and or others
• Responsible publication is avoiding duplicating publications
• Respect of intellectual property is giving proper acknowledgment or credits to all researchers
• Integrity is keeping your promises and agreements
• Respect colleagues is treating all peers fairly
• Confidentiality is protecting confidential communication
• Social responsibility is striving to promote social good and avoid social harm
• Objectivity is avoiding biases in experimental designs, data analysis, interpretation, expert testimony, and other aspects of research
• QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH - is a positivist scientific method which refers to a general set of orderly discipline procedures to acquire information (Beck, 2004).

  Mostly, it is concerned with numbers and measurement.
• QUALITATIVE RESEARCH - is defined as the "naturalistic method of research which deals with the concern of human difficulty by discovering it straightly." (Beck, 2004) It is concerned with the experiences, understanding and words of the individual.