Biology MCAT

• The 4 F's of hypothalamus are fighting, feeding, fornication and fleeing.
• The medulla oblongata, in the brain stem, controls cardiac and respiratory rates.
• The cerebellum helps maintain posture and balance and coordinates muscle movements.
• The lateral Hypothalamus has special receptors that detect whether the body needs food or fluids.
• Hippocampus and other related structures in the temporal lobe control memory
• Sympathetic nervous system is related to the fight-or-flight
• Acetylcholine binds to a receptor at the neuromuscular junction for muscle contraction.
• Viruses differ from prions in that, unlike viruses, prions:

  Prions are misfolded proteins that do not have nucleic acids; viruses do.
• Viruses contain RNA, DNA, and Proteins
• B lymphocytes are immune cells that are responsible for the production of antibodies
• T lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
• The endoplasmatic reticulum synthesizes most of the cell's lipids.
• Ribosomes produce proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell.
• Lipids are used for structural support and signaling
• The nucleolus is involved in synthesizing ribosomes and consists of RNA and protein.
• Conective tisse produces elastic matrix
• contractility and excitability are properties of muscle tissue
• Epithelial tissues have cell-to-cell attachments to form at least one continuous layer on a basement membrane.
• The primary oocyte is diploid and will contain 42 chromosomes
• The secondary oocyte is haploid and will contain only 21 chromosomes
• interphase of mitosis invisible chromosomes
• prophase in mitosis chromosomes start to appear
• metaphase of mitosis chromosomes start being pulled in the middle
• anaphase of mitosis chromosomes are being pulled apart
• telophase of mitosis two distinct sides
• Helper T cells activate macrophages and B cells
• Suppressor T cells dampen immune response in order to prevent tissue damage from uncontrolled inflammation.
• Cytotoxic T cells are activated by antigen-presenting cells and destroy infected cells.
• B cells work by releasing neutralizing immunoglobulins against identified pathogens.
• Post-translational modification can be detected by western blots.
• Southern blots are primarily utilized to study DNA molecules.
• Northern blots are used to study RNAs, not protein modifications.
• RT-PCR is a method to analyze changes in protein expression at transcriptional levels 
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and can occur under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions.
• Desmosomes provide tensile strength to epithelial cell sheets by anchoring the cytoskeletons.
• Gao junctions are cell-cell junctions that mediate communication between cells.
• Tight junctions are cell-cell junctions that prevent water and solutes from diffusing between cells and across the epithelial cells layer.
• correct flor of the filtrate: Bowman’s capsule → proximal tubule → loop of Henle → distal tubule → collecting duct