MICP PRELIMS

• Some microorganisms cause illness in humans, known as "pathogens"
• Jainism postulated existence of unseen microbiological life
• Edward Jenner


  • First to prevent smallpox
• Louis Pasteur


  • Considered the Father of modern microbiology and bacteriology
  • Introduced pasteurization
• Paul Ehrlich


  • Discovered therapeutic uses of Trypan Red and Salvarsan
  • Marked the beginning of chemotherapy
• John Tyndall


  • Discovered highly resistant bacterial structures, later known as endospores
  • Developed the process of Tyndallisation for sterilization
• Other terms for microorganism

  • Microbe
  • Germ
• Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek


  • Observed microorganisms using a microscope of his own design
  • Created the single-lens microscope
  • Known as the "Father of Microbiology"
• Theodor Escherich


  • Discovered Escherichia coli and its properties
  • Explored the relationship of intestinal bacteria to digestion
• Classification of Bacteria


  • Simple, single-celled organisms with no true nucleus
  • Grouped into Anaerobic, Aerobic, and Facultative Anaerobes
• Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, described as the "savior of mothers," proposed the practice of washing hands with chlorinated lime solutions in 1847
• Tyndallisation


  Prolonged boiling or intermittent heating was necessary to kill endospores and make the infusion completely sterilized
• John Snow (1813 – 1858), the "Father of Field Epidemiology," conducted studies of cholera outbreaks to discover the cause of disease and prevent its recurrence
• Arrangements of Bacteria


  • Streptococci
  • Staphylococci
  • Diplococci
  • Vibrios
  • Spirilla
  • Spirochetes
• Significance to the Nursing Profession


  • Line of defense against microorganisms
  • Cut the chain of infection
  • Accurate nursing interventions and management
• Selman Abraham Waksman (1888 – 1973) researched decomposition of organisms in soil leading to the discovery of streptomycin and several other antibiotics
• Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser (1855 – 1916) discovered the causative agent (pathogen) of gonorrhea, named Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• John Tyndall (1820 – 1893) discovered highly resistant bacterial structure, later known as endospore, in the infusion of hay
• Classification of Pathogens


  1. Bacteria and Disease

  2. Disinfection and Sterilization

  3. Human Host Defense

  4. Bacteria Morphology

  5. Bacterial Growth

  6. Antimicrobial Agents
• Shapes of Bacteria

  • Cocci
  • Bacilli
  • Endospores
  • Curved rods
• Virus

  • HIV, Varicella, Rubella, Rubeola, Mumps virus, Influenza, Ebola, Polio, Hepatitis, MERS, SARS, COVID-19
• Other types of bacteria

  • Flagella
  • Mycoplasma
  • Chlamydia
• Microbiology Basic

  • By Organism: bacteriology, physiology, mycology, parasitology, protozoology
  • By Process: microbial metabolism, genetics
  • Disease-related: Immunology, epidemiology, etiology
• Protozoa

  • Amoeboid (Amebas/Amoeba), Ciliates, Flagellates, Sporozoa
• Spirochetes


  • Spiral-shaped capable of waving and twisting motion
• Bacteria


  • Campylobacter jejuni (responsible for campylobacteriosis)
• Microbiology Applied


  • Disease-related: bacteriology, physiology, mycology, parasitology, protozoology
  • Environmentally-related: microbial metabolism, genetics
  • Industrial: Immunology, epidemiology, etiology
• Fungi


  • Yeasts, Molds, Mycotic, Candida
• Helminths


  • Flatworms, Acanthocephala
• Acanthocephala


  Known as spiny- or thorny-headed worms, common parasites of wildlife and some domestic animal species
• Normal Flora of Skin consists primarily of bacteria and fungi, resident bacteria can be in any layer of the skin, skin can acquire transient bacteria from the environment which are washed off or die due to the skin's acidic pH and sweat production
• Resident flora are fixed types of microorganisms regularly found in a given area at a given age and reestablish themselves if disturbed
• Transient flora consists of non-pathogenic or potentially pathogenic microorganisms derived from the environment, does not produce disease, and does not establish itself permanently. If disturbed, transient microorganisms may colonize, proliferate, and produce disease
• Distribution & Occurrence of the Normal Flora

  • Normal Flora of skin
  • Normal Flora of eye (or) conjunctiva
  • Normal Flora of digestive tract
  • Normal Flora of respiratory tract
  • Normal Flora of urinary tract
  • Normal Flora of genital tract
• Normal Flora of Eye (OR) Conjunctiva has low numbers due to high moisture, blinking mechanically removes bacteria, lachrymal secretions include lysozyme, primarily consists of S. epidermidis, S. aureus, C. diptheroid, and S. pneumonia
• Importance of Normal Flora: Synthesized B-complex and Vit K, protect the body by preventing the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms, elevate the immune system, produce antibiotic-like substances (e.g., Bacteriocin), produce endotoxins which activate the complement pathway, the defense mechanism of the body
• Acanthocephala


  • Moniliformis moniliformis (responsible for acanthocephaliasis)
• Algae


  Group of oxygenic, phototrophic microbes which has a nucleus; can generate oxygen through photosynthesis
• Harmful Algae


  • Pseudo-nitzschia (Amnesic shellfish poisoning); Red Tide (harmful algal bloom – toxic to marine life and dangerous when consumed by humans)
• Harmful effects of Normal Flora: Become opportunistic pathogens and cause disease, cause diagnostic confusion, penicillinase-producing microorganisms lead to antibiotic resistance