theme 1

• Why do women tend to take breaks from the workforce?

  To have children and raise a family
• How do breaks from the workforce affect women's skills and productivity?

  They may lose skills and career progress
• What happens to women's demand in the labor market when they take breaks?

  It decreases from D1 to D2
• What is a significant factor affecting women's qualifications in developing countries?

  Unequal educational opportunities
• How do cultural factors impact girls' education in developing countries?

  They curtail time in school for girls
• How has the argument about women's qualifications changed in developed countries?

  Women often surpass men in educational attainment
• What has increased the supply of women in the labor force?

  Legislation and commitment to diversity
• What effect does the shift in the supply curve of women have on wages?

  It reduces wages from W1 to W2
• In which occupations are women concentrated in the UK?

  Part-time and service sector occupations
• How does part-time work affect women's wage demands?

  They are less likely to make wage demands
• What is a consequence of women being less prominent wage earners?

  They become targets for wage discrimination
• What can lead to labor discrimination against women?

  Prejudice and information failure
• How has the reduction of union density affected women's wages?

  It makes negotiating pay increases harder
• Why do footballers earn significantly higher wages than teachers?

  Footballers have a higher MRP due to unique talents
• What factors contribute to the low supply of highly talented footballers?

  High barriers and sacrifices to become professionals
• How does the monopsony power of the government affect teachers' wages?

  It sets wages below their MRP
• Why are teachers reluctant to strike for higher wages?

  They avoid striking during exam periods
• What is the impact of vocational elements in teaching on wage supply?

  Supply is wage inelastic
• How has the restructuring of the UK economy affected wage differentials?

  It has widened wage differentials between regions
• What are negative regional multiplier effects?

  Unemployment reduces demand for goods and services
• Why might northern workers not migrate to the south for better wages?

  Due to occupational and geographical immobility
• What happens to lower-skilled northern workers if migration occurs?

  They remain in the north, widening the differential
• What factors contribute to low wages for minority ethnic groups?

  Low qualifications and limited English proficiency
• How does the concentration of ethnic groups in low-wage occupations affect wages?

  It pushes down wages for those workers
• What is the impact of family ties on ethnic minority workers' employment?

  It keeps them in low-wage occupations