light, heat, and electricity

• Convection


  The process of transferring heat through air or liquid currents
• Thermal Energy


  The speed by which atoms and molecules move depends largely on the energy they contain
• Greenhouse

  The process through which heat is trapped near Earth’s surface by substances known as ‘Greenhouse Gases’. Greenhouse effect is the process through which heat is trapped near the Earth’s surface by greenhouse gases
• Particle Theory of Matter


  Matter consists of many very small particles that are in constant motion and are held together by attractive forces
• Heat


  The thermal energy that flows between bodies or regions due to temperature difference and also considered as energy in transit
• Causes of Greenhouse Effect


  • Burning fossil fuels
  • Deforestation
  • Industrial waste and landfills
  • Farming (emit greenhouse gases)
• Hot water


  Molecules move faster than molecules of cold water
• Land Breeze and Sea Breeze (Convection)


  1. Land breeze - The breeze or wind blowing from the land towards the sea, usually occurs during the night or early in the morning when the land air is cooler than sea air

  2. Sea breeze - The breeze or wind blowing from the sea towards the ocean, usually occurs during the summer days
• States of matter

  • Solids
  • Liquids
  • Gas
• Greenhouse Gases

  • Methane
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Nitrous oxide
  • Fluorinated gases
• Light

  • Wave Theory - Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens proposed that light was a wave
  • Corpuscular or Particle Theory - English Physicist Isaac Newton theorized that light is made up of tiny particles
  • Electromagnetic Theory - James Maxwell proved that light is a transverse wave that is partly magnet and electrical in nature
  • Quantum Theory - German physicist Max Planck theorized that light was emitted in packets of energy called quanta
  • German-American physicist Albert Einstein called each quantum of energy, a photon
• Atomic structure

  The electron theory explains the existence of charges in an atom
• Amber is the fossil resin that the Greeks used to study static electricity. When amber is rubbed vigorously with a piece of cloth, it can attract nearby objects
• Materials based on their ability to conduct electricity

  • Conductors - Material that allows to flow easily (ex: Steel, Silver, Gold, Sea water)
  • Insulators - Materials that resist the flow of charges (ex: Glass, Rubber, Oil, Diamond, Dry wood)
  • Semiconductors - Intermediate materials between conductors and insulators
  • Superconductors - Offers no resistance to the flow of charges below a certain temperature
• The Earth’s atmosphere shields us from extreme temperatures
• Temperature


  It measures the average amount of kinetic energy in an object
• Radiation


  Energy that comes from a source and travels through space at the speed of light (this can also be called electromagnetic waves and can take place in a vacuum)
• Charged vs. Uncharged

  • Uncharged objects have a balance of the two charges, protons and electrons (# of p+ = # of e-)
  • Charged objects have an imbalance of the two types of charge (# of p+ ≠ # of e-)
  • Negatively-Charged objects contain more electrons than protons
  • Positively-Charged objects contain more protons than electrons
  • When you have an equal amount of protons and electrons, the atom/object is neutral
• Electrostatic Law


  • Similar charges will repel from each other
  • Unlike charges will attract and stick together
  • Neutral charges will have no repulsion and no attraction
• Conservation of electric Charge - When two different objects are rubbed against each other, the electrons transfer from one object to the other. No electron is destroyed nor created during the process. The sum of positive and negative charges during the process of rubbing is ZERO
• Properties of Light

  • Rectilinear propagation of light - A property of light that shows how light travels in a straight line through a homogenous and transparent medium
  • Light has colors because of its wavelength and frequency
  • Visible light (ROYGBIV) lies on the electromagnetic spectrum and will consist of colors depending on which spectrum it lies in
  • Light with higher frequency will be more intense and hold greater energy
  • Light with higher frequency will have a shorter wavelength
  • Increasing frequency and Decreasing wavelength - Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red
• Atoms


  • Basic building blocks of all matter
  • Can combine with other atoms to form molecules but cannot be divided into smaller parts by ordinary chemical processes
• Conduction


  Heat moves from one object to another object through direct touch (occurs through a medium)
• States of matter

  • Solids
  • Liquids
  • Gas
• Radiation


  Energy that comes from a source and travels through space at the speed of light (this can also be called electromagnetic waves and can take place in a vacuum)
• Conduction


  Heat moves from one object to another object through direct touch (occurs through a medium)
• Temperature


  It measures the average amount of kinetic energy in an object
• Land Breeze and Sea Breeze (Convection)


  1. Land breeze - The breeze or wind blowing from the land towards the sea, usually occurs during the night or early in the morning when the land air is cooler than sea air

  2. Sea breeze - The breeze or wind blowing from the sea towards the ocean, usually occurs during the summer days
• Greenhouse Gases

  • Methane
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Nitrous oxide
  • Fluorinated gases
• Quantum Theory

  German physicist Max Planck theorized that light was emitted in packets of energy called quanta
• Corpuscular or Particle Theory

  English Physicist Isaac Newton theorized that light is made up of tiny particles
• The Earth’s atmosphere shields us from extreme temperatures
• Properties of Light

  Rectilinear propagation of light - A property of light that shows how light travels in a straight line through a homogenous and transparent medium
• Colors of Visible Light

  • ROYGBIV (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet)
• Electricity

  Amber - The fossil resin that the Greeks used to study static electricity was amber (when amber is rubbed vigorously with a piece of cloth, it can attract nearby objects
• Atomic structure

  The electron theory explains the existence of charges in an atom
• Materials based on their electrical properties

  • Conductors - Material that allows to flow easily (ex: Steel, Silver, Gold, Sea water)
  • Insulators - Materials that resist the flow of charges (ex: Glass, Rubber, Oil, Diamond, Dry wood)
  • Semiconductors - Intermediate materials between conductors and insulators
  • Superconductors - Offers no resistance to the flow of charges below certain temperature
• Electrostatic Law


  • Similar charges will repel from each other
  • Unlike charges will attract and stick together
  • Neutral charges will have no repulsion and no attraction
• Convection


  The process of transferring heat through air or liquid currents
• Thermal Energy


  The speed by which atoms and molecules move depends largely on the energy they contain