intro to organic chem

• What number should the double bond (C-C) be positioned?

  The smallest numbering possible as it has priority of methyl groups.
• What are the steps to name an organic molecule/compound

  First count the longest carbon chain-this will be your ending unless there's a higher priority group.Second count the number of alkyl groups and name them by ordering them in increasing alphabetical order(ethyl before methyl ect) and naming their positions.
• How are hyphens used to name an organic molecules?

  Hyphens separate numbers from letters and prefixes from suffixes .
• State the alkyl groups prefixes

  Methyl,ethyl,propyl,butyl
• If the alkyl group can't be a different position without changing the molecule then naming the position of it isn't necessary.
• What are two alkyl groups that are the same called?

  Di
• What are three alkyl groups that are the same called?

  tri
• What are four alkyl groups that are the same called?

  Tetra
• What are the prefixes of halogenoalkanes?

  Bromo,fluoro,iodo,chloro
• How are halogens in an organic molecule named?

  In order of increasing alphabetical order
• How are alkenes with an alcohol group named?

  alkenols-name of alkene without vowel ending + ol
• When is numbering of alcohols necessary?

  When there is more than one carbon
• What is the smallest ketone?

  Propanone
• How can I tell the difference between an aldehyde and ketone?

  Aldehyde has c=o bond at end of chain,ketone middle.Aldehyde has at least one hydrogen bonded,ketone doesn't.
• Ketone and aldehydes take higher priority than other methyl groups.
• How do you name a carboxylic acids?

  Add longest c chain with oic acid as suffix
• What do nitriles look like?

  R(organic molecule) bonded to C that has a triple nitrogen bond

  
• How are nitriles named?

  Same steps as before but parent functional group before nitrile suffix ends in a vowel -ane or ene- as there can't be two consonants.
• What is the priority of the functional groups?

  Carboxylic acid,nitriles,aldehydes,ketones,alcohols and lastly amines.
• How is an organic molecule with a nitrile and alcohol named?

  Nitrile ending with hydroxy as prefix(include numbering)
• How is an organic molecule with amines and other functional group named?

  Amino is lowest priority so used as a prefix.Other functional group will take priority as a suffix.Include numbering.
• What are two of the same alcohols(functional group) called?

  Diol - used as a suffix with e at the end of parent group to prevent two consonants being used.
• What are two double bonds in a molecule called?

  Diene-as a suffix with parent name ending in a
• What are two carboxylic acids called?


  Di before suffix-with parent name ending in vowel a or e,and suffix oic acid
• What is skeletal formula?

  The carbon skeleton of a molecule
• How do you draw skeletal formula?

  One line represents two carbons,vertices of a line is the end of a molecule(usually CH3).Ensure each carbon is bonded to 4 atoms.
• How do you add a different functional group to the end of a molecule?

  Add a line with the structural formula of the functional group at the end of it.
• What is chain isomerism?

  A different arrangement of the hydrocarbon chain- changing the chain length and adding branches.
• what's positional isomerism?

  Moving the position of the functional groups on the main chain
• What's functional group isomerism?

  Functional groups that are different?
• What are structural isomers?

  Isomers that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
• The minimum carbon chain length that can be a chain isomer is...

  4
• If the molecule is a halogenoalkane(halogen in alkane) then it cannot have a functional group isomer as there's only one possible functional group.
• How do you find out which is an isomer of a given compound?

  First label the given compound and write it's molecular formula.Then compare to the other molecules to see if they share the same molecular formula.
• What can be a functional group isomer of an alkane?

  Cycloalkanes
• When you change the chain length add how many methyl groups is required to make it back to the original chain length.
• What is stereoisomerism?

  When two or more compounds have the same structural formula but differ in their arrangement of the bonds in space.
• What are the types of stereoisomerism?

  E-Z isomerism and optical isomerism
• Stereoisomers occurs mainly in alkanes due to restricted rotation in double carbon-carbon bond.Both carbons on either side of the double bond have different groups attached.
• How do you display E-Z isomerism?

  Draw the double bond with 4 lines extended (2 on each side).Place the two different groups on each side(from each carbon double bond).