Compact for B.A

• What is the technique used to study the brain in relation to behavior mentioned in the material?

  MRI
• How does an MRI scanner map brain activity?

  It uses a magnetic field and radio waves
• What type of images does an MRI produce?

  Two or three-dimensional images
• What analysis methods are used for MRI images?

  Pixel counting and voxel-based morphometry
• What was the aim of Draganski et al. (2004) study?

  To investigate juggling's effect on brain structure
• How many participants were involved in the Draganski et al. study?

  24 volunteers
• What were the two groups in the Draganski et al. study?

  Jugglers and non-jugglers
• How many MRI scans were conducted in the Draganski et al. study?

  Three scans
• What was measured using voxel-based morphometry in the study?

  Grey matter density
• What significant change was observed in jugglers after learning to juggle?

  Increased grey matter volume
• What happened to grey matter in jugglers after they stopped practicing?

  It decreased, approaching baseline levels
• What was the conclusion of the Draganski et al. study?

  Learning induces structural brain changes
• What does localization of function refer to?

  Specific brain areas have specific roles
• Which brain area is crucial for memory formation?

  The hippocampus
• What was the aim of Milner's study on HM?

  To investigate the hippocampus's role in memory
• What type of study design was used in Milner's research?

  Longitudinal case study
• What type of memory was HM unable to form after surgery?

  New explicit memories
• What was one method used in Milner's study?

  Psychometric testing
• What type of memory remained intact for HM?

  Procedural memory
• What did MRI findings confirm in HM's case?

  Damage to the hippocampus
• What does neuroplasticity refer to?

  Brain's ability to reorganize and modify
• How does neuroplasticity relate to learning?

  It enables new skills through neural connections
• What is neural pruning?

  Elimination of unused neurons and connections
• When is neural pruning most active?

  During childhood and adolescence
• What was the aim of the Draganski et al. study regarding neural pruning?

  To investigate juggling's effect on brain structure
• What was one result of the juggling study related to neural pruning?

  Grey matter decreased after stopping practice
• What is neurotransmission?

  Process of neuron communication via neurotransmitters
• What triggers an action potential in a neuron?

  Combined signals exceeding a threshold
• What happens at the axon terminals during neurotransmission?

  Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse
• What is the effect of excitatory neurotransmitters?

  They increase likelihood of action potential
• What neurotransmitter is crucial for attention and memory?

  Acetylcholine
• What is the role of agonists in neurotransmission?

  They activate specific receptors mimicking neurotransmitters
• What is the function of antagonists in neurotransmission?

  They block receptors without activating them
• What is scopolamine's role as an antagonist?

  It blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
• What does acetylcholine (ACh) contribute to in the brain?

  Attention and memory processes
• What are agonists in the context of neurotransmitters?

  Substances that activate specific receptors
• How do antagonists function in the nervous system?

  They block receptors without activating them
• What is scopolamine classified as?

  A muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist
• What was the aim of Antonova et al. (2011) study?

  To investigate ACh's role in spatial memory
• How many participants were involved in Antonova et al. (2011) study?

  20 healthy adult males