Compact Notes S.C.A

• What does Social Identity Theory (SIT) explain?

  Self-esteem from group membership and intergroup behavior
• What is social categorization in SIT?

  Dividing the social world into in-groups and out-groups
• What is social identification in SIT?

  Adopting norms and values of the in-group
• What phenomena does SIT explain?

  Prejudice, discrimination, and intergroup conflict
• What was the aim of Hilliard and Liben's (2010) study?

  Investigate how gender identity affects stereotypes
• What method did Hilliard and Liben use in their study?

  A field experiment in two US preschools
• How does social comparison enhance self-esteem?

  By favorably comparing the in-group to out-groups
• What was measured in the pre-test of Hilliard and Liben's study?

  Children's baseline gender flexibility
• What were the conditions in Hilliard and Liben's study?

  High salience and low salience conditions
• What did the high salience condition involve?

  Emphasizing gender through grouping and language
• What were the results of Hilliard and Liben's study?

  Increased gender stereotypes in high salience group
• How do environmental cues affect children according to Hilliard and Liben's study?

  They reinforce social categorization and stereotypes
• What does Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) explain?

  Learning behaviors through observation and imitation
• What are the key components of SCT?

  Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
• What is observational learning in SCT?

  Acquiring behaviors by watching others
• What conclusion was drawn from Hilliard and Liben's study?

  Gender identity salience leads to stronger stereotypes
• What was the aim of Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment?

  Investigate if children learn aggression through observation
• What were the conditions in Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment?

  Aggressive model, non-aggressive model, control group
• What was the observation phase in Bandura's study?

  Children observed behavior for 20 minutes
• What were the results of Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment?

  Children imitated aggression more from aggressive models
• How did gender influence imitation in Bandura's study?

  Boys imitated physical aggression more than girls
• What is the origin of stereotypes according to the study?

  Overgeneralized beliefs rooted in cognitive shortcuts
• What is the in-group bias in stereotype formation?

  Stereotyping out-groups to boost in-group status
• What is the out-group homogeneity effect?

  Perceiving out-group members as "all the same"
• What was the aim of Allport and Postman's (1947) study?

  Investigate how stereotypes distort memory recall
• What was the procedure in Allport and Postman's study?

  Participants described a subway scene from memory
• What were the results of Allport and Postman's study?

  Participants misremembered details aligning with stereotypes
• What conclusion was drawn from Allport and Postman's study?

  Stereotypes lead to memory distortion and bias
• What is an ethical consideration in Hilliard and Liben's study?

  Parental consent for children's participation
• Why is parental consent important in research with minors?

  Protects children and ensures ethical standards
• What was the challenge in obtaining parental consent for Hilliard and Liben's study?

  Balancing societal value against risks of bias
• What research method was used in Hilliard and Liben's study?

  True experiment
• Why is Hilliard and Liben's study considered a true experiment?

  It involved random assignment of conditions
• What was the independent variable in Hilliard and Liben's study?

  Presence or absence of gender labeling
• What was the dependent variable in Hilliard and Liben's study?

  Level of gender stereotyping measured
• What is the definition of culture?

  A dynamic system of rules established by groups
• How does culture influence behavior?

  Shapes communication styles and emotional expression
• What are cultural norms?

  Guidelines for expected behavior in situations
• What are cultural dimensions according to Hofstede?

  Broad value patterns influencing behavior
• What does group categorization influence according to the study?

  In-group/out-group behavior