Medsci203

• Pathology


  Study of disease
• Morbid anatomy


  overall view of organs and disease, it is visible to the naked eye
• Cellular Anatomy/ Histopathology


  Looking at a cellular level, of cell organisation and shape
• Molecular Pathology


  Looking at the molecules and pathways
• Aetiology


  Cause of disease
• Pathogenesis


  Mechanisms of disease, the cellular and molecular changes during the course of the disease
• Crohn's Disease, Histology


  Occurs in the intestine and disordered epithelium, fissure and fibrosis are observed. Disruption of uniform structure due to repeated inflammation
• Granuloma


  Large area of cell death
• Crohn's Disease Aetiology


  Has not got one specific cause, may be genetic, gut microbiome changes, environmental factors (diet, illnesses, tabacco), host immune response (over active T helper 1 cells, under active T regulation cells)
• Crohn's Disease Pathogenesis

  Multiple possible triggers:

  • Trigger from environment
  • invasion of bacteria
  • genetic deficiencies
  • uncontrolled immune response
• Leuko-


  Meaning white
• Dys-


  Meaning disordered
• Neo-


  Meaning new
• Cyto-


  Meaning cells
• Hypo-


  Less than normal
• Hyper-


  More than normal
• Meta-


  Change of one state into another
• -opathy


  Diseased state
• -itis


  Inflammatory response
• -oid


  resemblance to something
• -aemia


  related to blood
• -osis


  State or condition
• -cytosis


  increase number of cells in blood
• -plasia


  growth disorder
• -oma


  swelling or growth
• -phopenia


  lack of something
• Cystic fibrosis Aetiology

  Autosomal recessive and genetic factor, mutation in a gene resulting in thick mucous, increase chest infections, and lung damage
• Asbestosis Aetiology


  Environment related, it is acquired. Asbestos fibres are cancer causing, resulting in lung and pleural fibrosis and tumours.
• Aetiology can be acquired or genetic
• Genes can increase predisposition towards disease or changes the disease process
• Disease process

  Aetiology -> Pathogenesis -> Structural changes -> Clinical manifesation
• Structural changes

  Can be:

  • Gross, see with the eye
  • Microscopic, cellular and requires microscope
• Clinical Manifestation


  Symptoms -> Clinical signs ->laboratory and radiological changes -> clinical course, therapy and complications
• Pathogenesis is important in diagnosis, in monitoring the response, screening for disease and preventative strategies. If we know the steps we can predict and prevent.
• Fine needle Aspiration


  Using a needle to collect affected cells from the tissue and then to use a microscope to investigate further.
• Biopsy 


  Large sample taken, which is then sectioned off and investigated under a microscope.
• Samples are taken to look at the cytology/morphology, microbiology, antigen expression, molecular genetic expression.
• Cytology/Morphology


  Types of cells and architecture, and the interaction between the cells
• Antigen Expression


  Distinguishing between cells using fluorescent antigens/antibodies
• Molecular Genetic Expression


  Includes chromosome analysis, F.I.S.H using fluorescent labels, DNA and RNA analysis.