Respiratory Infections

    Cards (79)

    • Chronic Bronchitis
      • Most common chronic canine airway disorder
    • Chronic Bronchitis
      • Inflammation within airways causes chronic cough and excessive mucus production
      • Causes difficulty maintaining appropriate oxygen levels
    • Chronic Bronchitis
      • May be caused by bacterial infections, hypersensitivities, parasites, or chronic inhalation of airway irritants (second-hand smoke, dusts, exhaust fumes, etc.)
    • Chronic Bronchitis
      • Overall cause is unknown
    • Chronic Bronchitis- Risk Factors
      • No sex or breed predilection but do see a lot in toy breeds
      • Average age: 6 years or older
    • Chronic Bronchitis- Clinical signs
      • Deep harsh cough
      • Wheezing
      • Dyspnea
      • +/- gagging, choking, or swallowing after coughing
      • Exercise intolerance
    • Chronic Bronchitis- Physical exam
      • BAR-QAR
      • Most come in looking grossly normal
      • Some may come in a little lethargic
    • Chronic Bronchitis- Physical exam
      • Can hear inspiratory and expiratory crackles/harshness
      • All other vitals and rest of physical exam generally normal
    • Chronic Bronchitis- Diagnostics
      • Radiographs
      • Interstitial or bronchointerstitial pattern in dorsal aspect of caudal lung lobes
      • NOT definitive diagnosis
    • Chronic Bronchitis- Diagnostics
      • Bronchoalveolar lavage
      • Can evaluate through cytology
      • Usually see excessive amounts of neutrophils +/- lymphocytes, eosinophils, and epithelial cells
    • Chronic Bronchitis- Diagnostics
      • Tracheobronchial culture
      • Use if believe possible infection
    • Chronic Bronchitis- Diagnostics
      • Bronchoscopy with biopsy
      • Provides definitive diagnosis but not mandatory to diagnose in general
      • Disease is usually clinically diagnosed
    • Chronic Bronchitis- Diagnostics
      • Rule out tests
      • Heartworm disease, PCR/ELISA for other infectious/parasitic agents, cocci-titer
    • Chronic Bronchitis- treatment
      • Prednisone 1 mg/kg q12h PO for one week, then 0.5 mg/kg 2h PO for an additional week q1
      • Used to decrease inflammation and it reduces mucus production
      • Taper to lowest effective dose for chronic management
    • Chronic Bronchitis- treatment
      • Antibiotics/anti-parasitics/anti-fungals if necessary
      • Do not give any of these unless you know they are needed to treat an underlying condition
    • Chronic Bronchitis- treatment
      • Cough suppressants
      • Recommend if it’s a dry cough to alleviate some discomfort
    • Chronic Bronchitis- Prognosis
      • Treatable but not curable disease
      • If well managed, can have a long normal life
      • Need to emphasize these points with owners
    • Upper respiratory infections
      • Can be viral or bacterial
      • Most common in cats: Feline Herpesvirus type-1 (FHV), Feline Calicivirus (FCV), Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Chlamydophila felis
    • Upper respiratory infections
      • Can be viral or bacterial
      • Most common in dogs: Bordetella bronchiseptica, Canine Adenovirus type 2, Canine Parainfluenza virus, and Canine Influenza virus
    • Upper respiratory infections
      • Infect the conjunctiva of the eye and nasal cavity
      • Organisms are shed in ocular, nasal, and oral secretions to transmit infection by direct contact
      • Some animals will be asymptomatic
    • URI: Infectious agents- Viruses (cats)
      • FHV- infects conjunctiva of eyes, will go into latent stage in trigeminal ganglion for long periods of time
    • URI: Infectious agents- Viruses (cats)
      • FHV:
      • Clinical signs: sneezing, conjunctivitis, oculonasal discharges, depression,inappetence, dehydration, salivation with drooling, and ulcerative keratitis
    • URI: Infectious agents- Viruses (cats)
      • FHV:
      • Most common cause of URIs in cats
      • Takes 10-14 days after exposure for signs to appear
    • URI: Infectious agents- Viruses (cats)
      • FCV- causes moderate, self-limiting acute disease, but some strains can induce lameness
    • URI: Infectious agents- Viruses (cats)
      • FCV:
      • Clinical signs: sneezing, nasal congestion, fever, drooling, oculonasal discharge, inflammation and ulcers on the tongue and lining of the mouth
    • URI: Infectious agents- Viruses (cats)
      • FCV:
      • Virulent Systemic Disease: swelling of the head and legs, crusting sores and hair loss on the nose, eyes, ears and footpads, liver damage, and spontaneous bleeding; fatal in up to 60% of cats
    • URI: Infectious agents- Viruses (cats)
      • FCV:
      • Takes ~14 days for signs to show and can take 5 days- 6 weeks to resolve
    • URI: Infectious agents- Viruses (Dogs)
      • Adenovirus type-2
      • Transmitted between dogs through close contact with respiratory secretions
    • URI: Infectious agents- Viruses (Dogs)
      • Adenovirus type-2
      • Clinical signs: dry, hacking cough, retching and gagging, coughing up a white foamy discharge, fever, nasal discharge, and conjunctivitis
    • URI: Infectious agents- Viruses (Dogs)
      • Adenovirus type-2
      • Incubation period ~3-10 days
    • URI: Infectious agents- Viruses (Dogs)
      • Parainfluenza
      • Spread through aerosolized respiratory secretions
    • URI: Infectious agents- Viruses (Dogs)
      • Parainfluenza
      • Clinical signs: low-grade fever, deep sounding dry cough, watery nasal discharge, pharyngitis, and tonsillitis; in puppies, may have lethargy, fever, inappetence, and pneumonia
    • URI: Infectious agents- Viruses (Dogs)
      • Parainfluenza
      • Incubation period ~2-8 days
    • URI: Infectious agents- Viruses (Dogs)
      • Influenza (H3N8 and H3N2)
      • Spread through aerosolized respiratory secretions and fomites
    • URI: Infectious agents- Viruses (Dogs)
      • Influenza (H3N8 and H3N2)
      • Clinical signs: oculonasal discharge (may be purulent), sneezing, lethargy, anorexia, and fever
    • URI: Infectious agents- Viruses (Dogs)
      • Influenza (H3N8 and H3N2)
      • Incubation period ~1-5 days
    • URI: Infectious agents- Bacteria
      • Chlamydophila felis
      • Requires direct contact between cats
    • URI: Infectious agents- Bacteria
      • Chlamydophila felis
      • Clinical signs: conjunctivitis, protruding 3rd eyelids, low grade fever, purulent ocular discharge, and sneezing
    • URI: Infectious agents- Bacteria
      • Chlamydophila felis
      • Incubation period ~3-10 days
    • URI: Infectious agents- Bacteria
      • Bordetella bronchiseptica
      • Highly infectious- through aerosolized respiratory secretions and fomites