cell organelle

• The cell wall is a sturdy border outside the plasma membrane that provides strength and structure to plant, bacterial, and fungal cells
• cytosol is the aqueous fluid that surrounds the organelles inside a cell
• cytoskeleton the microscopic web of protein filaments in the cytoplasm. It provides structure and support, and transports products around the cell
• extracellular is the fluid the fluid outside of cells
• lysosome is a membrane-bound vesicle that contains digestive enzymes. They are responsible for breaking down cell waste
• microtubules long tube-like fibre proteins that form part of the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell and help give the cell its structure. Microtubules are used for a variety of cell movements, including transport of cell organelles and the movement of chromosomes during cell division
• mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) the primary site of chemical energy production through converting glucose into ATP energy from aerobic cellular respiration. It powers all the Bio-chemical reactions within the cell.
• nucleus a double membrane-bound organelle that protects and confines the genetic information (DNA) of a cell. Inside the nucleus is a smaller structure known as the nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production
• The nucleolus is a small structure in the middle of the nucleus responsible for the production of ribosomes.
• plasma membrane is the phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins which separate the intracellular environment from the extracellular environment and controls the entry and exit of molecules and substances entering and exiting the cell.
• protein channel is a membrane-based protein pore in a phospholipid bilayer that selectively enables transport of large or polar molecules
• carrier protein is a polypeptide that undergoes a conformational change to transport molecules across a membrane
• rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is a membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are coated with ribosomes on their outer surface that synthesise and modify proteins
• smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) a membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are not coated with ribosomes. They are responsible for the production of lipids in a cell
• ribosomes are small RNA-protein structures that are the site of protein synthesis (translation). They read genetic instructions in RNA and link amino acids together to form a polypeptide protein. They either float freely in the cytoplasm or are attached to the RER.
• vacuole is a membrane-bound sac that is used for water and solute storage. It can also play a role in maintaining plant cell structure
• centrioles are cylindrical bodies made up of microtubules, found at opposite ends of animal cells during interphase. During mitosis they move to the equator of the cell and become part of the spindle apparatus
• mitochondria are double membraned organelles where aerobic respiration takes place. The inner membrane has folds called cristae which increase its surface area. Mitochondria contain DNA and ribosomes so they have some autonomy from the nucleus
• lysosome is an enzyme containing vesicle that breaks down waste material within the cell using hydrolysis reactions
• lysosome is a single membrane bound vesicle containing digestive enzymes. These enzymes break down macromolecules into smaller units that can be absorbed by the cell
• nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus and consists of two phospholipid bilayers separated by perinuclear space. Nuclear pores allow substances to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm
• plastids are organelles with a double membrane that store food reserves and pigments. Chloroplasts are plastids that carry out photosynthesis
• chloroplast: a plastid in green plant cells which contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
• all cells have cellular membranes, ribosomes and DNA
• only plants and some protist cells (algae) have chloroplasts
• list all membrane bound organelle

  nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosome, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles, vesicles.
• non membrane-bound


  ribosomes, cell wall, cytoskeleton