memory

• What are the three types of LTM proposed by Tulving?

  Episodic, procedural, semantic memory
• What is episodic memory?

  Memory of personal life events
• How is procedural memory different from episodic memory?

  It involves skills and actions, not events
• What does semantic memory contain?

  Knowledge of the world and facts
• What does episodic memory include?

  People, places, objects, and behaviors
• How do you recall episodic memories?

  You must make a conscious effort
• How can episodic memories be expressed?

  Verbally, as declarative memories
• What is procedural memory?

  Memory for actions and skills
• How do we recall procedural memories?

  Without conscious awareness or effort
• Why is procedural memory difficult to explain verbally?

  It is non-declarative in nature
• What does semantic memory contain?

  Knowledge of the world
• How is semantic memory different from episodic memory?

  It is less personal and more factual
• Are semantic memories time-stamped?

  No, they are not time-stamped
• What evidence supports the neuroimaging theories of memory?

  Different types of memory are stored in different brain parts
• What did Tulving et al. find about memory recall?

  Episodic and semantic memories are recalled from the prefrontal cortex
• Why is the finding about memory recall a strength?

  It supports the physical reality of different LTM types
• What challenges the neurophysiological evidence for memory types?

  Poor agreement on memory location in the brain
• How does understanding types of LTM help psychologists?

  It aids in developing treatments for memory problems
• What happens to episodic memory as people age?

  Episodic memory loss occurs, especially for recent events
• What did Belleville et al. find about episodic memory training?

  Trained participants performed better than controls
• What does Clive Wearing's case illustrate about memory stores?

  Different memory stores are affected differently
• What were Clive Wearing's semantic memories like?

  Relatively unaffected; he understood meanings
• What is the Working Memory Model (WMM)?

  An explanation of how STM is organized and functions
• What did Baddeley and Hitch propose about STM?

  It consists of multiple stores, not just one
• What happens during dual-task performance?

  Visual tasks interfere with each other
• What is the role of the central executive in WMM?

  It filters and directs attention to tasks
• What is the capacity of the central executive?

  Limited; can handle one strand at a time
• What does the phonological loop do?

  Processes auditory information and preserves order
• What are the two subdivisions of the phonological loop?

  Phonological store and articulatory process
• What is the capacity of the phonological loop?

  About two seconds of spoken words
• What does the visuo-spatial sketchpad do?

  Stores visual and spatial information temporarily
• What is the capacity of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

  About three or four objects
• What are the subdivisions of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

  Visual cache and inner scribe
• What is the episodic buffer's function?

  Integrates information from other memory systems
• What is the capacity of the episodic buffer?

  About four chunks of information
• What does dual-task performance research support?

  The existence of separate slave systems in WMM
• What did Shalice and Warrington find about patient KF?

  His STM for digits was poor when read aloud
• How does KF's case support the WMM?

  It suggests separate stores for visual and auditory processing
• What is a limitation of research supporting the WMM?

  Findings may lack validity due to brain injury effects
• What is a criticism of the central executive in WMM?

  It is too simplistic and vague