Geography Section A

• name 2 tectonic natural hazards

  earthquake and volcanic eruption
• name 2 atmospheric natural hazards

  hurricane and flooding
• name 4 factors that increase the risk from natural hazards

  poverty, farming, urbansiation and climate change
• define primary effects

  an initial impact of natural event on people and property, caused directly by it, eg building collapsing following an earthquake
• define secondary effects


  the after effects that occur as indirect impacts of a natural event, sometimes on a longer timescale eg fires due to ruptured gas mains resulting from ground shaking
• what are destructive plates

  the dense oceanic plate subducts below the continental plate. friction between plates causes earthquakes and magma rises and eruptions are violent and explosive
• what are constructive plates


  the plates move apart from each other and magma forces it way up the surface and breaks through the crust forming small earthquakes, when reaching the surface it forms flat shield volcanos
• what are conservative plates


  friction between these plates cause earthquakes, they can be destructive as happen near earths surface
• what 4 benefits do volcanos bring

  fertile soils, rocks for building, rich mineral deposits and hot water
• what are the 3 reasons why people live at risk from tectonic hazards

  better building design can withstand earthquakes, people in poverty have other things to think about, more effective monitoring
• what 5 benefits do tectonic hazards bring to iceland

  hot water for nearly 90% of all buildings, volcanic rocks for construction, lots of tourists after volcanic eruption, geothermal energy used to generate 25% of icelands electricity and tourism provides jobs
• define monitoring


  using scientific equipment to detect warning signs of events such as volcanic eruption
• name 3 examples of monitoring

  remote sensing- satellites detect heat and changes to volcanic shape, gas instruments- detect gases released as magma rises, geophysical measurements- detect changes in gravity as magma rises to the surface
• define prediction


  using historical evidence and monitoring, scientists can make predictions about when and where it can happen
• name 2 examples of prediction

  an increase in activity beneath an ice cap enabled scientists to make an accurate prediction, scientists have identified what locations they think are at greater risk by studying historical records
• define planning

  identifying and avoiding places most at risk
• name an example of planning

  hazards maps have been produced for the worlds volcanoes showing the likely areas to be affected- they identify which areas need to be evacuated. high vunerable areas can be protected
• define protection


  designing buildings that will with stand tectonic hazards
• name 2 examples of protection

  use earth embankment and explosives to direct lava flows away from property. construct buildings and bridges to resist ground shaking
• define global atmospheric circulation

  the large scale movement of air by which heat is distributed on the surface of earth
• what direction do winds blow on a GAC model


  from high to low, deflected to right in NH, deflected to left in SH
• what happened on l'aquila earthquake

  struck on 6 april 2009 at 3:32 am
• name 5 primary effects of l'aquila

  308 people killed, 1500 injured, 67500 homeless, 10000-15000 buildings collapsed, US €11 434 million damage
• what 4 important buildings collapsed in l'aquila

  churches, national museum, san salvatore hospital, l'aquila university
• what was the l'aquila earthquake on richter scale

  6.3
• where did the l'aquila earthquake strike

  seven km northwest of l'aquila, struck in abruzzo region of italy
• state 3 secondary effects of l'aquila earthquake

  triggered landslides and rockfalls, number of students at l'aquila was decreased, rent increased
• state 3 short term responses

  40000 tents given out, declared a state of emergency and EU granted €552.9 million to rebuild l'aquila, italian red cross searching for surviviors
• state 4 long term responses of l'aquila

  exempt from uni fees for 3 years, students free public transport, residents didn't pay taxes in 2010, homes took several years to rebuild
• what magnitude was nepal earthquake

  7.8
• when did nepak earthquake happen

  25 april 2015
• where was the nepal earthquake epicentre

  barpak, 80km northwest of capital kathmandu
• where did the nepal earthquake happen

  gorkha district
• when was the second earthquake in nepal and what magnitude

  12 may 2015, 7.3
• state 6 primary effects of the nepal earthquake

  352 aftershocks, destruction of 26 hospitals and 50% of schools, 16800 injured, 8841 dead, 1 million homeless, reduced supply of water, food and electricity
• state 3 secondary effects on nepal earthquake


  avalanche on mount everest - 19 dies, food shortages and income loss, tourism was meant to increase by 5.8% before earthquake
• state 3 short term responses of nepal earthquake

  temporary shelters, requested international help, UN health agency distibuted medical supplies
• state 4 long term responses of nepal earthquake

  recovery phase started 6 months later, everest reopened, expand crops and growing seasons, nepals government carried out post disaster needs assessment
• what happens at LP on a GAC model

  rains
• 3 ways where tropical storms form

  over warm oceans (27), summer and autumn, 5-15 degrees north and south from equator