Approaches- Behavioural

• Summary?

  All behaviours are learned through conditioned interactions to environment. Behaviours are a result of environmental stimulus
• Observation?

  Behaviourist theory is only concerned with observable behavioural interactions. rejects introspection, minds are subjective. Do not study cognitions
• "tabula rasa"?


  peoples mind/brains are born with a blank slate any behaviours are learnt
• Classical conditioning?


  Is learning behaviours through association. conditioning body to react to stimuli.
• Pavlov?


  Showed that dogs could salivate to the sound of a bell if associated with food.
• Pavlov- stimulus?

  bell (neutral stimulus) food (unconditioned stimulus) salivation (unconditioned response) ---> bell (conditioned stimulus) salivation (conditioned repsonse)
• Real world application?

  Phobias- acquired through classical conditioning
• components?

  Psychology should be seen a science that records objective behaviours. Theories should be backed by empirical data
• studies?


  Behaviourism claims there is little difference between animals and humans so data gained from animal studies can be applied to humans
• UCS?

  Unconditioned stimuli- naturally causes the UCR
• CR?

  conditioned response- the learnt response to the CS.
• CS?

  conditioned response - once the UCS and NS have been paired the conditioned stimulus replaces the NS
• NS?

  a thing that doesn't naturally produce the UCR
• UCR?

  a natural response to the UCS
• extinction?


  If the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS the CR may stop
• Operant conditioning?


  Behaviours learnt through consequences. e.g., good consequences behaviour more likely to be repeated.
• Positive reinforcement?


  positive consequences for actions that leads to behaviour being repeated
• negative reinforcement?

  negative outcome that leads behaviour to be less repeated
• Operant conditioning?

  behaviours are "operated" based on environemnet.
• Punishment?

  Introducing something negative to decrease behaviour
• type sof punishment?

  Positive punishment- have something negative administered Negative punishment- Have something positive taken away
• Negative reinforcement (Operant conditioning)?

  when something takes away something unpleasant so behaviour is more likely to be repeated
• Skinners Pigeons: method?

  hungry pigeons put in a cage with a food dispenser, food given at intervals ( every 5 seconds) regardless of actions of pigeon.
• Skinners pigeons observation?

  pigeons associated random actions to food delivery, pigeon repeated actions.
• Skinners findings?

  pigeons developed superstitious behaviours eg., turning clockwise.
• skinners findings?

  behaviour did not appear until food dispenser, behaviour not initially linked to food but became associated so it was.
• Skinners findings?

  shorter intervals between food lead to more rapid and defined conditioning
• Skinners Findings?

  once behaviour established intervals between could be decreased and behaviour wouldnt be diminished.
• Skinners conclusion (Pigeons)?


  behaviour can be conditioned even without a direct cause and effect- explain superstitions.