Chapter 11

• Motivation - the process that determines the reinforcement value of an outcome

  • internal or external
• Drive - a state of unrest or irritation that energizes one behavior after another until one of them removes the irritation


  Energy that causes a behavior to remove irritation
• Homeostasis - the maintenance of an optimum level of biological conditions within an organism 


  Regulates, reactive
• Allostasis - maintaining levels of biological conditions that vary according to an individual's needs and circumstances


  Prevents, proactive
• Extrinsic Motivation - motivated to perform an activity to earn a reward or avoid punishment


  Intrinsic Motivation - motivated to perform an activity for its own sake and personal rewards
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - an organization from the most insistent needs to the ones that receive attention only when others are under control

  A) Self-Fulfillment

  B) Psychological

  C) Basic

  
• Hunger and Satiety:

  • hunger serves to keep food available for the body
  • fuel is stored in your stomach, intestines, fat cells, liver cells, and bloodstream
  • the complexity of hunger requires multiple mechanisms to control intake
• Short-Term Regulation of Hunger:

  • Glucose - the most abundant sugar in the blood, an important energy source for the body and by far the main energy source for the brain
  • A drop in how much glucose enters the cells induces hunger
  • Insulin - increases the flow of glucose and several other nutrients into body cells
  • Hunger decreases and increases as insulin levels rise and fall
• Long-Term Regulation of Hunger - Leptin

  • maintains the body's weight
  • released proportionately to the body's mass
  • triggers the start of puberty
  • when the body gains fat, extra leptin alters activity in neurons of the hypothalamus, causing meals to satisfy hunger
• Anorexia Nervosa - a condition in which someone intensely fears gaining weight and refuses to eat a normal amount
• Bulimia Nervosa - self deprivation and periods of excessive eating while feeling a loss of control
• Stages of Sexual Arousal

  1. Excitement - preparation for intercourse
  2. Plateau - physical arousal builds
  3. Orgasm - shortest phase; ejaculation, vaginal contractions
  4. Resolution - arousal slowly subsides and returns to normal levels

  A) Female

  B) Male

  
• Gender Identity - the sex that someone regards themself as being


  Sexual Orientation - someone's tendency to respond sexually to male partners, female partners, both, or neither