Evaluate Disease Prevention & Health Promotion Interventions
Cards (19)
- Health promotion begins with people who are basically healthy and seeks the development of community and individual measures which can help them to develop lifestyles that can maintain and enhance their state of wellbeing.
- Disease prevention begins with a threat to health - a disease or environmental hazard and seeks to protect as many people as possible from the harmful consequences of that threat.
- The Ottawa Charter - stengthen community action - breaks out from healthy public policy - empowers individuals to allow them to set their own priorities for their own health.
- The Tannahill Model of Health Promotion incorporates prevention, health protection and health education.
- Definition of prevention = preventing either the onset or progression of a disease, or restoring functions lost due to disease (assumes that the disease/condition/state being prevented is anticipated).
- Prerequisites for health - the fundamental conditions and resources for health are:
- Peace
- Shelter
- Education
- Food
- Income
- A stable eco-system
- Sustainable resources
- Social justice and equity
- Disease prevention categories:
- Primary prevention
- Protects individuals against disease, often by placing barriers between the aetiological agent and the host
- It aims to maintain health and minimise the risk of injury or disease
- Secondary prevention
- Aims to limit the effect and progression of a disease at an early stage (soon after onset)
- Includes further primary prevention
- Tertiary prevention
- Limits the extent of disability once a disease has caused some functional limitation
- Includes further primary and secondary prevention
- Primary prevention:
- Attempts to prevent the onset of disease
- Carried out on healthy populations
- Health promotion
- Specific protection
- Secondary prevention:
- Aim to terminate a disease process (and prevent complications of a disease)
- Restore tissues to as near normal as possible
- Can be termed 'restorative care'
- Tertiary prevention:
- Replace lost tissues in an attempt to reduce or limit impairment, disability (and death)
- Can be termed 'reconstructive and rehabilitative care'
- Disease prevention methods for dental caries:
- Fluorides
- Systemic
- Topical
- Sealants
- Professionally/self-applied
- Reduce frequency of ingesting cariogenic foods and drinks
- Oral hygiene measures
- Disease prevention methods for periodontal disease:
- Tooth brushing
- Flossing
- Water irrigation
- Professional management/therapy
- Chemotherapeutic agents
- Disease prevention methods:
- For oral/dental trauma (a condition!)
- Mouthguards, seatbelts, tempered glass in pubs/bars...> plastic?
- Oral cancer
- Avoid tobacco, reduce alcohol abuse, early detection and appropriate management
- Fluorosis (a condition!)
- Avoid inappropriate/excessive ingestion
- Effectiveness = the ability of an intervention to meet its intended effect under normal conditions, in the 'real world'
- Efficacy = the ability of an intervention to meet its intended effect under optimal conditions and with compliant patients in an 'ideal world'
- Why we evaluate oral hygiene interventions:
- Make best use of resources
- Disseminate good practice
- Improve patient and/or job satisfaction
- Inform policy
- Provide feedback to the population minimise harmful or negative outcomes
- Improve the practice of oral health promotion
- Key steps in the design of a Disease Prevention Evaluation:
- Agree the aims and objectives for the intervention
- Identify and clarify the purpose of the evaluation
- Consider PROCESS and OUTCOME measures
- Identify/select appropriate methods to collect data
- Analyse
- Disseminate results and conclusions
- Process measures = assess the degree to which the intervention/programme has been implemented as planned (e.g. Levels of patient satisfaction/quality assurance etc.)
- Outcome measures = assess the long-term effects e.g. Did the intervention/programme achieve its goals?