Cell biology

• What is a eukaryotic cell?

  Have a nucleus. e.g. animal and plant cells.
• What is a prokaryotic cell?

  Without a nucleus. e.g. bacteria cell
• What is a nucleus?

  Holds all the genetic material (DNA) needed to control the cells activities.
• What is the cytoplasm?

  The jelly-like substance inside a cell that surrounds the organelles.
• What is the cell membrane?

  A selectively permeable barrier surrounding the cell.
• What is the mitochondria do?

  Contains many enzymes needed for respiration.
• What is a ribosome?


  Production of proteins.
• what is a cell wall?

  Made of cellulose and provides structure and protection to the cell.
• What is a vacuole?

  Weak solution of sugar and salts called cell sap.
• What is a chloroplasts?

  Contain chlorophyll. Photosynthesis.
• What are plasmids?


  Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria that can replicate independently.
• Sperm cell function:

  transport male DNA to female DNA for sexual reproduction.
• Sperm cell adaptations:

  head= contains genetic information

  tail= to help it swim.

  Have lots of mitochondria.
• Nerve cell function:

  Carrying electrical impulses around the body.
• Nerve cell adaptions:

  Long axon= carry the impulse over long distances

  Branched= can connect and pass signals between one another.

  fatty sheath= impulse move along the nerve quickly.
• Muscle cell functions:

  Able to contract quickly.
• Muscle cell adaptations:

  Mitochondria= provide energy for contraction

  Protein filaments= slide over to cause muscle to contract.
• What does a root hair cells do?

  Absorb water and minerals.
• What does a xylem cell do?

  Transport water and minerals.
• What does a phloem cell do?

  Transport of sugars and amino acids around the plant.
• What's the magnification equation?

  size of image/actual size of object
• RQ- using a light microscope:

  1. prepare slide: drop of water on clean slide
  2. extract the cells and place on slide (onion epidermal)
  3. highlight the cells using a stain (iodine)
  4. place cover slip over the specimen
  5. view slide under microscope
  6. place slide onto stage
  7. select the objective lens with lowest power/magnification
  8. move stage with the coarse adjustment knob
  9. use fine-adjustment knob
  10. switch to higher magnification
• What is the process of which eukaryotic cells divide?

  Mitosis
• How many daughter cells does mitosis produce?

  Two
• What is a gene?

  A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific protein or performing a specific function in an organism.
• What's the first stage of mitosis?


  Prophase
• What is the prophase in mitosis?

  chromosomes condense
• What is the second stage in mitosis?

  Metaphase
• What is the metaphase in mitosis?

  Chromosomes align in the center of the cell.
• What is the third stage of mitosis?

  Anaphase
• What is the anaphase in mitosis?

  Chromatids separate.
• What is binary fission?

  Process by which prokaryotic cells divide and reproduce.
• Process of binary fission:

  1. genetic material stored in DNA and plasmids get replicated.
  2. cells starts to expand and DNA moves to opposite poles of the cell.
  3. cytoplasm divides and cell walls form around the 2 new daughter cells.
• RQ: the effects of antiseptics and antibiotics on bacterial growth

  1. hot Agra into sterile Petri dish, spread the bacteria
  2. soak paper discs in different types of concentrations of antibiotics and antiseptics
  3. place disc onto the plate as a control
  4. tape the lid and incubate upside down for 48 hours.