My notes

• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, known as "The Father of Microbiology," was a Dutch microscopist who was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa. His research helped lay the foundations for bacteriology and protozoology
• In the MEDIEVAL PERIOD, BLOOD LETTING became the standard treatment for various conditions, from plague and smallpox to epilepsy and gout. Practitioners typically nicked veins or arteries in the forearm or neck, sometimes using a special tool known as a fleam
• In the MEDIEVAL PERIOD, TREPANATION was the oldest surgical procedure where a hole was made in the skull to alleviate pressure on the brain following an injury or to release evil spirits from mentally ill people
• In the MEDIEVAL PERIOD, consuming animal's blood and other parts was common in medieval pharmacology. Animal products like eggs, milk, blood, flesh, bile, and grease were used in medical recipes
• MICROBIOLOGY is the study of microorganisms. Look for different definitions with references
• Rudolph Virchow was born on October 13, 1821, in Schivelbein, Pomerania, Prussia (now Świdwin, Poland) and died in September
• Alexander Fleming, a Scottish bacteriologist, is best known for his discovery of penicillin. His work on wound infection and lysozyme guaranteed him a place in the history of bacteriology
• Robert Koch, a German physician and founder of bacteriology, discovered the anthrax disease cycle, the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis and cholera. He received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1905
• Francesco Redi, an Italian physician, demonstrated that the presence of maggots in putrefying meat does not result from spontaneous generation but from eggs laid on the meat by flies
• Rudolph Virchow died in Berlin, Germany


  September 5, 1902
• Lazzaro Spallanzani proposed that microbes move through the air and can be killed through boiling
• Edward Jenner is known for the first and greatest success of immunization
• Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis discovered that the incidence of puerperal fever could be drastically reduced by hand disinfection in obstetrical clinics
• Francesco Redi died in Pisa, Italy

  March 1, 1697
• Ferdinand Julius Cohn was a pioneer of bacteriology
• Francesco Redi was an Italian physician and poet who demonstrated that the presence of maggots in putrefying meat does not result from spontaneous generation but from eggs laid on the meat by flies
• Agostino Maria Bassi was a pioneer in studying contagious diseases
• Rudolph Virchow was born in Schivelbein, Pomerania, Prussia (now Świdwin, Poland)


  October 13, 1821
• Rudolph Virchow is one of the most prominent physicians of the 19th century
• Joseph Lister is the founder of antiseptic medicine and a pioneer in preventive medicine
• Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen was a pioneer in leprosy studies
• Other Microbiologists

  • Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–1799)
  • Edward Jenner (1749–1823)
  • Agostino Maria Bassi (1773–1856)
  • Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818–1865)
  • Ferdinand Julius Cohn (1828–1898)
  • Joseph Lister (1827–1912)
  • Heinrich Anton de Bary (1831–1888)
  • Thomas Jonathan Burrill (1839–1916)
  • Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen (1841–1912)
• Rudolph Virchow


  • German pathologist and statesman
  • Pioneered the modern concept of pathological processes by applying the cell theory to explain the effects of disease
  • Emphasized that diseases primarily arise in individual cells
  • Campaigned for social reforms
  • Contributed to the development of anthropology
  • Published the famous aphorism "omnis cellula e cellula" in 1855
  • Stated that cells are unable to arise without previously existing cells
• Thomas Jonathan Burrill was a pioneer of microbe and plant diseases
• Heinrich Anton de Bary is the founding father of plant pathology and modern mycology