MOD 3&4

• Socialization-


  is the means by which human infants begin to acquire the skills necessary to perform as a functioning member of their society and is the most influential learning process one can experience
• Stages of formation of self: 1. The imagination of our appearance of how we look to others. 2. The imagination of their judgment of how we look or how we think others judge our behavior. 3. How we feel about their judgment, i.e., our feelings (self-feeling) about their judgments.
• George Herbert Mead -is known for his theory of the social self which stands on the point that the self is not initially there at birth.
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – Maslow proposed that humans have five basic needs that must be met in order of importance. These are physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.
• According to Mead’s theory, the self has two sides of phases: the “I” and “me”. The I represents the self as subject, and the individual’s impulse, while the me is considered to be the socialized component of the individual that represents the learned behaviors, expectations and attitude of others organized into a social self
• Sigmund Freud, the Austrian psychiatrist and founder of psychoanalysis, was not directly concerned with the problem of the individual’s socialization (he has not used the word ‘socialization’ anywhere in his writings); he nevertheless contributed amply toward the clarification of the process of personality development.
• The ID represents the instinctive desires, which may be viewed as an unsocialised aspect of human nature. It is the obscure inaccessible part of our personality.
• The EGO is the acting individual. It serves as the mediator between desires and action representing the urges of the id when necessary
• Ego is the rational side of us; it mediates between the id and superego. It is the conscious mind that controls our thoughts and actions. Ego is responsible for decision making and problem solving.
• The SUPEREGO is the moral conscience or superego. It is responsible for regulating behavior by imposing standards of morality and ethics upon us. This is also called the ‘conscience’.
• Freud believed that children develop their personalities through three stages: oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency period, and genital stage.
• Superego is the moral conscience or the voice of reason. It is the internalisation of societal norms and values. Superego develops from the ego ideal and the parents’ authority figure. It acts as a judge and punishes the person if they do something wrong.
• Émile Durkheim, a famous French sociologist, is credited with defining and developing the concept of collective representations. Collective representations are symbols or images that have a common significance amongst members of a group in that they convey ideas, values, or ideologies.
• Gender is Ambiguous It applies to a person that looks both male and female, in other words u can’t tell which they are
• Ambiguous - unclear or inexact because a choice between alternatives has not been made.
• Anne Fausto-Sterling is the Nancy Duke Lewis Professor of Biology and Gender Studies at Brown University. She participates actively in the field of sexology and has written extensively on the biology of gender, sexual identity, gender identity, gender roles, and intersexuality.
• According to Sterling, “a person’s wish to conceal his or her original sex cannot outweigh the public interest in protection against fraud”
• THE FIVE SEXES • MALE = testes • FEMALE =ovaries • HERMMAPHRODITES = 1 testes & 1 ovary • MERMS = Male pseudohermaphrodites i.e., testes & some aspect of female genitalia • FERMS = Female pseudohermaphrodites i.e. ovaries & some aspect of male genitalia
• Intersex individuals often face challenges related to medical treatment, social stigma, and legal recognition. Some advocate for greater awareness and acceptance of intersex identities as part of human diversity.
• MALE - denoting the sex that produces small, typically motile gametes, especially spermatozoa, with which a female may be fertilized or inseminated to produce offspring. FEMALE -denoting the sex that can bear offspring or produce eggs, distinguished biologically by the production of gametes (ova) which can be

  Fertilizes by male gametes
• HERMAPHRODITE - a person or animal having both male and female sex organs or other sexual characteristics, either abnormally or (in the case of some organisms) as the natural condition.
• PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITE refers to someone whose external genitalia are not consistent with his or her gonadal sex. MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITES - have normal testes but incomplete masculinization of the wolffian duct system and external genitalia. FEMALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITES - refers to an individual with ovaries but with secondary sexual characteristics or external of male.
• Sex reassignment surgery, sometimes called sex reassignment surgery, is performed to transition individuals with gender dysphoria to their desired gender. People with gender dysphoria often feel that they were born in the wrong gender. A biological male may identify more as a female and vice versa.
• gender dysphoria - is the feeling of discomfort or distress that might occur in people whose gender identity differs from their sex assigned at birth or sex-related physical characteristics
• Physicians Dewhurst and Gordon say, “ it is a tragic event which immediately conjures up visions of a hopeless psychological misfit doomed to live always as a sexual freak in loneliness and frustration”. Sterling identifies the cases from the years 1930 to 1960 of intersex children who did not suffer emotional distress because of lack of surgery.