Early images

• What were black Americans viewed as prior to the 13th Amendment?

  Subhuman/Inferior being only suitable for physical hard labour
• What was the perception of slavery?

  It was an organisation to bring civilization and religion to those incapable of it which brought joy to black Americans
• What were examples of slave codes of the 1660s?

  No reading/writing, no mixed marriages and whipping/branding for minor offences
• What did the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 do?

  It meant that escaped slaves could be returned with a $20 fine for any white person helping them
• How did stereotypes shift after the 13th Amendment?

  Black Americans were no longer seen as passive but were instead extremely aggressive
• How was it believed black Americans could be controlled?

  Through strict segregation and being forced to do menial work
• What was 'discovered' about black men after the 13th Amendment?

  They were seen to be sexually aggressive and naturally attracted to white women as a 'superior race'
• What is an example of a black detachment of the army?

  In 1863 the 54th Massachusetts infantry made up the first black unit of the federal army
• What did the 54th Massachusetts infantry take part in?

  They were involved in the Battery Wagner and so saw heroic portrayals in magazine lithographs
• Who was an artist that challenged stereotypes?

  Eastmen Johnson
• What was an example of art by Eastmen Johnson?

  A ride for liberty (1863)
• What did Johnson often show?

  Black soldiers loyal to the union and black Americans in leisure such as playing violin
• Who was a representation of the brutality of slavery?

  'Scourged back' or Gordon
• What was 'Scourged back'

  Gordon posed for a photo to reveal the Web of scars on his back
• How did Gordon come into a position where he was able to pose for the photo?

  He had arrived with a group of people who were chased with many murdered
• What did Gordon's appearance cause?

  Disbelief within the union medics, however black Americans were unfazed
• Why is the 'Scourged back' significant?

  It remains one of the most circulated images of slavery
• What is an example of a publication which regularly showed images?

  Harpers weekly
• When was Harpers weekly formed?

  From 1850 onwards and often reinforced popular stereotypes
• What stereotypes were reinforced by Harpers weekly?

  The fictional idyllic life of the south as well as the Mammy character
• When did Harpers weekly change its views?

  It supported black Americans with positive representations of the union army during the civil war but reverted afterwards
• Who did the initial illustrations for UTC?

  Hammett Billings
• What did the initial lithographs of UTC show Tom as show?

  Young, virile and able to help Eva read
• What did the initial UTC images show?

  Tom's Christianity and his closeness to Eva
• How did the images of Tom change?

  He was shown as an elderly man, dependant and weak
• What stereotypical and derogatory representations were seen in lithograph and adverts?

  The typical 'Mammy' character was seen as well as children as 'pickaninnies' and 'alligator bait'
• What did paintings do?

  They reinforced idyllic 'life down South'
• What images were seen in the 1920s/30s?

  Graphic images of 'lynching parties' which were used to whip up racial hate