M1: Text as Connected Discourse

• Discourse: expression of ideas a person can think of
• Text Analysis: focus on words which make the sentences in a paragraph connected with each other
• Text: the main body of any written or printed material
• Discourse Analysis: deals with coherence whereby ideas are logical, well-organized
• Discourse

  • comes from the Latin word “discursus” which means conversation/ speech
  • the use of words to exchange thoughts
  • is the expression of ideas that a person can think of. = I want that pair of shoes
  • ideas in discourse may spark responses or may provoke an action.
• Discourse

  In the figure, Widdowson explained that P1’s communicative purpose is to convey the message in her head to P2.

  
• According to Jorgensen and Phillips (2002), a text shall have the following characteristics: Cohesion, Coherence, Intentionality, Informativity, Acceptability, Situationability, Intertextuality
• Characteristics of Text

  Cohesion - the connection of ideas at the sentence level
• Characteristics of Text

  Coherence - the connection of ideas at the paragraph level.
• Characteristics of Text

  Intentionality - dwells into the purpose of the author/ writer.
• Characteristics of Text

  Informativity - the quantity of new information in the text
• Characteristics of Text

  Acceptability - how factual the pieces of information are
• Characteristics of Text

  Situationability - the socio-cultural appropriateness of the text
• Characteristics of Text

  Intertextuality - the connection of the succeeding discourse to the previous one. It also talks about the existence of the succeeding text because of the previous one.
• The text comes from the Latin word “texere” which means to weave. It is the main body of any written or printed material. Besides, it is a group of ideas put together to make a point or one central idea and made up of sentences. The text has a structure that requires the ideas in the discourse to be relevant and connected. Therefore, the text is a connected discourse.

  While discourse requires an agent, in text, however, the agent has no direct impact on the content to the reader. Meaning, there may or may not be an agent in the text.

  Text in a subject textbook, an essay, or a story
• Written text is also described as written discourse, especially when a simple analysis of it reveals that it is connected discourse. In text analysis, you just simply deal with the cohesion. Meaning you only focus on the words which make the sentences in a paragraph connected with each other.
• There are several mechanical considerations in providing coherence between ideas: using transitional expressions, repeating key words and phrases, and using parallel form.
• Discourse Analysis

  Transitional Words = signals the relationship between words and sentences. Usually the use of FANBOYS.

  1. To give example: for example, for instance, in fact, indeed, to illustrate
  2. To compare: also, likewise, similarly, in the same way, at the same time
  3. To contrast: although, and yet, at the same time, but, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, in contrary, on the other hand, even though, though, however, notwithstanding
  4. To show addition: and, also, again, in addition, furthermore, moreover
• Discourse Analysis

  Transitional Words = signals the relationship between words and sentences. Usually the use of FANBOYS.

  1. To show place or duration: above, below, beneath, beyond, farther, here
  2. To summarize: in other words, in short, in summary, to sum up, all in all
  3. To show time: after, before, during, finally, afterward, next, since, then, until, while, immediately, later, as soon as, finally
  4. To indicate logical relationship: because, therefore, for this reason, hence, if, otherwise, as a result, accordingly
• Parallelism is the repetition of grammatical elements in writing and speaking. It influences the grammatical structure of sentences but can also impact the meaning of thoughts and ideas being presented. It functions as a means of creating a harmonious flow and rhythm with words and phrases. This is effective for readers in that parallelism can capture a reader’s attention and enhance the structure of writing to make the literary work more meaningful. Parallelism is also an effective way for writers to set up relationships between two or more things or ideas, through comparison or contrast.
• Parallelism Examples:

  In a text, the grammatical cohesion and the structure of sentences are analyzed whereas, in discourse, the agents involved in the communication, the social purpose and the medium utilized are analyzed to comprehend the meaning of it.

  1. Mother was very busy gathering the laundry, dusting the furniture, and washing the dishes.
  2. My face is washed, my hair is combed, and my teeth are brushed.
  3. We are giving away our furniture, selling our house, and moving to Spain.