M3: Patterns of Development in Writing

• Narration refers to telling a story or recounting a series of events. It can be based on personal experience or knowledge gained from reading or observation. Some narratives simply tell what happened or establish an interesting or useful fact. Most narration stories go beyond merely reciting events and the lives they portray. However, narratives of personalexperience offer lessons and insights. An effective narrative is more than just a chronological sequence of events that happen to the character in a typical day. It should contain some element of drama and tension.
• Elements of Narrative Paragraph

  
  

  1. Setting
  2. Characters
  3. Plot
  4. Point of View: First person POV, Second person POV, Third person POV
• DescriptionIn a descriptive paragraph, the writer uses sensory details such as sights, sounds, smells, tastes, feelings, and texture to create vivid images in thereader’s mind. The writer often uses spatial order to create a clear visual image of a person, place, object, or scene. Description is often used to establish a mood or atmosphere.
• Two Types of Descriptive Paragraph: Objective Description and Subjective Description
• Definition: A definition explains what a term means. When you want your readers to know exactly how you are using a certain term or an unfamiliar concept, you use definition. Using definition to develop an idea helps to clarify and explain concepts by answering the question “What does it mean?”
• An exemplification pattern presents the general statement and then provides specific and concrete examples to expound the main idea. This pattern is used to provide an example or something
• Classification

  It organizes ideas into categories or divisions based on criteria and standards. This pattern can be used when classifying people, objects, events, things, places, and other items. In division, we divide a general category of things into smaller subcategories
• Comparison and Contrast

  Comparison tells how two things are similar, on the other hand, contrast tells how they are different. A comparison and contrast paragraph can do either or both. You can use a Venn Diagram or a comparison-contrast matrix in this pattern
• Cause and Effect

  A cause is what makes a particular thing happen. An effect is what results from a particular situation, activity, or behavior. You can write this pattern when your purpose is to help readers understand why something happened or is happening, or when you want to show readers how one thing affects something else. In this pattern, you can organize your ideas into two ways: identify the effect in the topic sentence and write about its cause; or write about the cause in the topic sentence and write about its effects
• Problem- Solution

  This pattern organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions. The problem section usually includes the what, who, when, where, why, and how of the problem. The other part then presents the major effects of the problem and the possible solutions to address it, as well as the steps in implementing the solution
• Persuasion

  It organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument. Specifically, this pattern presents the issue, the position, and the supporting evidence that supports the stand
• Pattern: Narration

  Use: storytelling

  Example: autobiography or biography, myth, recount of an event, anecdote

  Signal Words: first, so, then, finally, at last
• Pattern: Description

  Use: creating an accurate, vivid, or verbal picture of an object, geographic feature, setting, event, person, or image

  Example: a favorite biblical character, the beauty of sunset, a role model

  Signal Words: above, across, along, behind, beneath, beside, down, farther, inside, outside, throughout, under
• Pattern: Definition

  Use: explaining the meaning of something

  Example: unlocking the meaning of a superhero, false humility

  Signal Words: is defined as, as defined, means, refers, to define, to illustrate
• 

  Pattern: Exemplification

  Use: providing enough specific examples to support the main idea

  Example: personal testimony, choice of a TV network for its wholesome shows

  Signal Words: as an example, consider the following, in other words, in particular, specifically, to clarify, to illustrate
• Pattern: Classification

  Use: breaking a large subject into categories based on the consistent and useful principle of division

  Example: bodies of water, native dishes, cartoon characters

  Signal Words: another, classified as, one kind, the first category, the last group, the next part
• Pattern: Comparison and Contrast

  Use: noting the similarities and differences of two or more persons, places, events, objects, conditions, feelings, and the like

  Example: the rich and famous vs. the poor and unknown, rural vs. urban living

  Signal Words: Also, as, in comparison, like, likewise, similarly, to compare, but, although, despite, even so, in contrast, instead, however, otherwise, unlike, whereas, yet
• Pattern: Cause and Effect

  Use: discussing the source of something produced and its eventual results

  Example: spiritual enlightenment, academic success, multiculturalism

  Signal Words: as, because, due to, for, for that reason, in view of, since, seeing that
• Pattern: Problem-Solution

  Use: addressing problems and calling for specific actions as solutions to the former

  Example: poverty, corruption, racism

  Signal Words: but, first, second, nonetheless, one reason for the, one solution is, one way is, the problem, the solution
• Pattern: Persuasion

  Use: convincing to believe and eventually acting on someone's belief or opinion

  Example: A politician convincing the public during the campaign to vote for him/her, debates, job advertisement, product endorsements.

  Signal Words: In that case, indeed, truly, all in all, in a nutshell, therefore, thus, no doubt, assuredly, needless to say. obviously, true
• Patterns:

  • narration
  • description
  • definition
  • exemplification
  • classification
  • comparison and contrast
  • cause and effect
  • problem-solution
  • persuasion