AO1

• What was the main focus of the Milgram study?

  Destructive obedience to authority
• Why did Milgram conduct his study?

  To understand obedience during the Holocaust
• What was the aim of Milgram's study?

  Investigate obedience to authority figures
• What is a pilot study in research?

  • Small trial versions of proposed studies
  • Test effectiveness and make improvements
  • Identify potential issues early
• What percentage of psychologists thought people would give electric shocks in the pilot study?

  3%
• How did Milgram recruit participants for his study?

  Through newspaper advertisements
• Where did the Milgram experiment take place?

  Yale University
• What was the age range of the participants in Milgram's study?

  20-50 years
• How much were participants paid for the Milgram study?

  $4.50
• Who was strapped into the chair during the experiment?

  1. Wallace, a confederate
• What was the maximum voltage participants could administer?

  450 volts
• What happened when the learner gave a wrong answer?

  The teacher had to give increasing shocks
• What did the confederate do at 300V?

  Fell silent
• What verbal prods did the experimenter use?

  “Please continue”, “You have no choice”
• What was the obedience rate up to 450V?

  63%
• What did Milgram conclude about German people?

  They are not inherently different
• What situational factors did Milgram investigate in his variations?

  1. Proximity of teacher to learner
  2. Location of the experiment
  3. Uniform of the experimenter
• How did proximity affect obedience in the study?

  Closer proximity reduced obedience rates
• What was the obedience rate when the teacher and learner were in the same room?

  40%
• What happened in the touch proximity variation?

  Teacher forced learner's hand onto plate
• What was the obedience rate in the touch proximity variation?

  30%
• What was the obedience rate in the remote instruction variation?

  20.5%
• Why did obedience decrease in the run-down office block?

  It lacked legitimacy and authority
• What was the obedience rate in the run-down office block?

  47.5%
• How did the experimenter's uniform affect obedience?

  Uniforms symbolize authority and legitimacy
• What was the obedience rate when the experimenter was in everyday clothes?

  20%
• What did Hofling et al. (1966) find about nurses' obedience?

  • Nurses claimed they would disobey orders
  • 21 out of 22 nurses obeyed a doctor's order
  • Constant demands lead to eventual obedience
• What does Hofling et al.'s study suggest about obedience?

  Constant demands can lead to compliance