WILLIS studied anti school subculture in his study 'learning to labour'.
His research found that It was deemed ‘cool’ to mess around and fail, and that school was not a good form of socialisation, as it did not transmit value consensus.
His study does suggest that working-class boys actively chose to fail, rather than the system being designed by the capitalist class to have this outcome.
AO3 CRITISISMS: MORROW AND TORRES (Post Modernists) criticises marxists for taking a first class approach.