changing economic world

• what is development?

  Positive change that makes things better. peoples standard of living and quality of life will improve
• what is the development gap?

  difference in standard of living between rich and poor
• what is GNI and how does it measure development?

  GNI stands for Gross National Income. It measures development economically. It is the total value of goods and services per capita measured in US dollars
• What is HDI and how does it measure development?

  HDI stands for Human Development Index. It measures development based on life expectancy, education, and income levels. Qualitative, social measure- expressed in values 0-1
• what are the limitations of measures of development?

  does not take into account extremes as is an average,

  data could be out of date unreliable or hard to collect,

  may not take into account informal economies
• what does the demographic transition model show?

  changes in birth rate and death rate
• what happens to the birth rate, death rate and total population in the first stage of the demographic transition model?

  High birth rate, high death rate - both fluctuate due to famine disease and war, stable population.
• what happens to the birth rate, death rate and total population in the second stage of the demographic transition model?

  Birth rate remains high, death rate decreases, total population increases.
• what happens to the birth rate, death rate and total population in the third stage of the demographic transition model?


  birth rate drops rapidly, death rate continues to decrease but more slowly. Population increases but not as fast.
• what happens to the birth rate, death rate and total population in the fourth stage of the demographic transition model?


  low birth and death rate but can fluctuate depending on economy.
• what happens to the birth rate, death rate and total population in the fifth stage of the demographic transition model?


  birth rate falls below death rate. death rate increases slightly due to ageing population. population decreases
• what are 2 physical reasons for lack of development?

  • landlocked countries are cut off from global / seaborne trade which are important for economic growth.
  • extreme weather slow development as it is expensive to repair damaged infrastructure
• 2 economic reasons for lack of development

  HICs and TNCs want to pay as little as possible for raw materials which come from LICs. Also, the price of raw materials fluctuates over time
• one historical reason for lack of development

  colonialism - almost all wealth during colonial period (1650-1950) went to european powers
• what is an immigrant?

  A person who moves to a different country to live permanently.
• what is an emigrant?

  A person who leaves their own country to settle permanently in another.
• what is an economic migrant?

  An economic migrant is a person who moves from one country to another in search of better job opportunities and higher wages.
• what is a displaced person?


  A person who has been forced to leave their home due to war, persecution, or natural disaster but stays in the same country.
• what is a refugee?


  A person who has been forced to leave their home country due to persecution, war, or violence and seeks protection in another country. e.g: middle east refugee crisis 2015- 4 million people fled from syria because of the civil war in 2011
• what evidence is there that health care is not as good in countries that are not developed?

  in LICs , the over 70s account for only 2 out of 10 deaths, under 15s account for 4 out of 10 deaths. In HICs , over 70s account for 7 in every 10 deaths and only 1 in every 100 deaths is among children under 15 years
• how does investment help close a development gap?

  creates jobs which generates income - multiplier effect and skills are developed
• how is investment seen as exploitative?

  profits mainly go to the country investing

  E.g: China has invested billions of dollars in Africa - power plant in Zimbabwe , railway construction in Sudan. Some people think it is exploiting Africa's resources
• How does industrial development help a country become richer and improve both standard of living and quality of life?

  • increases employment - more disposable income and opportunities to invest in housing, education and infrastructure
  • multiplier effect
• what are the advantages of using trade to help close the development gap?

  source of income and opens up opportunities
• disadvantages of using trade to help close the development gap?

  high costs of improvements , restrictions - taxes
• what are the benefits of tourism in Jamaica?

  • income each year for tourism is 2 billion dollars
  • provides 200000 jobs
• what are the disadvantages of tourism in jamaica?

  • some parts of the island remain isolated and deprived
  • mass tourism can create environmental problems e.g: harmful emissions
• what is aid?

  when a country or NGO donates its resources to another country to help it develop or improve peoples lives
• what is emergency aid?

  Immediate assistance given to people or countries in the midst of a crisis or disaster e.g: war or natural disaster.
• what is developmental aid?

  aid given to improve development in the long term
• in less developed countries why is it important to support development through intermediate technology?

  intermediate technology is sustainable and appropriate to the needs, knowledge and wealth of the local people. Supports small scale projects and provides local employment
• how do rich countries make global trade unfair?

  tariffs - taxes paid on imports, making imported goods more expensive and locally produced goods more attractive

  quotas - limits on the quantity of goods that can be imported
• how does free trade work?

  countries do not charge tariffs and have quotas
• how does fair trade benefit people?

  the farmer gets the fair price and all the money from the sale of the crop, product gains a stronger position in global market, part of the price is invested in local community development projects
• what is a debt crisis?


  when a country cannot pay its debts , leading to calls to other countries for assistance
• how does debt relief help countries who are in debt?

  helped poor countries invest in development projects
• how do microfinance loans grow the rural economy around the world and why do they disproportionately go to women?

  enable individuals or families to start up small businesses e.g: the Grameen bank in Bangladesh lends 200 US dollars to village women to buy a mobile phone , other villagers then pay the women to use the phone.

  the loans go to women as they often cannot work or have to stay home
• describe the location of Nigeria

  west Africa directly south of the UK
• why is having oil so important to Nigeria?

  Nigeria supplies 2.7% of the world's oil and most of the country's economic growth has been based on oil revenues
• how does Nigeria's GDP, manufacturing sector and population rank against other Africa countries?

  GDP: Largest Manufacturing sector: 3rd Largest Population: Largest