Chapter 4B (Carbs)

• What is the RDA for carbohydrates?

  130 grams
• AMDR for carbs?

  45-65% intake
• Why are carbs so important to the body?

  Energy, most cells use glucose as their primary source of energy
• carb = 4 kcal
• Gluconeogenesis: occurs when there is not enough carbs for the body. body will make own glucose from bodily proteins
• Amino acids used in glyconeogenesis can not be reused
• Gluconeogenesis can cause serious tissue damage to organs
• Ketosis: carb intake is to low to supply glucose to the brain
• The breakdown of carbohydrates from the liver produce ketones
• Ketoacidosis: excess ketones in blood increasing blood acidity
• AI for fiber?

  25g woman

  38g men

  14g for eveyr 1kcal ocnsumed
• Fiber

  
• Do to many americans consume sugar?

  Yes
• DRI: Sugar

  added < 10%

  total < 25%
• What helps to regulate blood glucose?

  insulin, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine
• Liver: 100g glucose storage, 400 cal

  used for blood sugar regulation
• Muscles: 100g of muscle

  level increases with exercise and high carb diets. Used for working muscle
• Diabetes: Type 1


  Accounts for 10%, body does not produce enough insulin.
• Does diabetes 1 need insulin injections?

  Yes
• Is diabetes 1 an autoimmune disease?

  Yes
• What diabetes type causes glycemia?

  Type 1 diabetes
• What is type 2 diabetes?

  Cells do not take up glucose, pancreas has to compensate with producing more insulin
• Exercise and a healthy diet helps to reduce diabetes risk. exercise is more effective than diet changes
• What are good sources of carbohydrates?

  fruits, veg, grains
• What is the most abundant carb?

  Glucose, produced by plants w/ photosyn
• SImple carbs are only composed of one or two molecules (sugars)
• Oligosaccharides are made of 3-10 monosaccharides
• Polysaccs. made of 100s-1000s
• Starch: plants storage of carbs
• Amylose: straight chain
• Amylopectin: branched chains of glucose
• Resistant starch: glucose molecules linked by beta bonds, indigestible
• Glycogen: storage of glucose for animals. not found in food, stored in the liver and muscles
• Fibers: long polysaccharide chains
• Dietary fiber: nondigestable parts of plants

  Functional fiber: nondigestible fiber known to have health benefits
• Soluable fibers: dissolve in water, turn it into a gel. are fermentable by intestinal bacteria.
• Insoluable fiber: so not dissolve, can not be fermented but promote regular bowel movements
• What kind of sugar is the american diet high in?

  simple sugar, contribute to tooth decay and increase CVD
• What is insulin secreted by?

  beta cells of the pancreas. stimulars glucose transported to move across the cell membrane
• Insulin stimulates liver and muscle cells to take up glucose and store it as glycogen