sisters

• Proteins are essential for living
• Proteins


  • Involved in transport, structure, acting as enzymes, protecting the body, and more
• Your DNA has the genetic information that codes for the color of your eyes
• Genes


  Portions of DNA that can code for proteins which help make pigments
• Eye color


  • Eye color is based on a pigment inside the eyes
• Protein synthesis

  Process of making proteins
• After learning about DNA, have you ever wondered how DNA actually results in a trait?
• RNA is a nucleic acid like DNA but has a few differences
• RNA plays a huge role in protein synthesis
• Some DNA makes up genes that are not activated
• Some DNA is noncoding DNA
• DNA


  Located in the nucleus of cells
• You are making proteins right now in your cells
• Transcription comes before translation
• Transcription and translation are two major steps in protein synthesis
• Transcription

  Process of transcribing DNA into mRNA in the nucleus
• In transcription, RNA polymerase connects complementary RNA bases to the DNA to form mRNA
• mRNA undergoes significant editing before being ready to go
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) consists of a message made of RNA based on the DNA
• mRNA exits the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
• Translation


  Process of building proteins using tRNA and amino acids in the cytoplasm
• tRNA carries an amino acid and brings them together to build proteins
• Ribosomes are made of rRNA and build proteins in translation
• tRNA brings amino acids together to make proteins
• Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
• tRNA


  Transfer RNA molecules that carry an amino acid on them, which is the monomer for a protein and a building block for protein
• Codon


  A sequence of three nucleotides that correspond to a specific amino acid
• Proteins may undergo folding and modification and may need to be transported based on their structure and function
• AUG codon on mRNA


  Codes for methionine and is considered a start codon for proteins
• Stop codons


  • Do not code for an amino acid, but indicate the end of protein building
• tRNA with the UAC anticodon

  Carries an amino acid called methionine
• Protein synthesis

  1. tRNA brings amino acids together to build proteins

  2. mRNA directs which tRNAs come in and therefore which amino acids are transferred

  3. tRNAs look for complementary bases on mRNA and transfer their amino acid

  4. tRNA reads bases in threes, called codons, on the mRNA