Classification

• Delusions


  • False beliefs that are firmly held despite being completely irrational or for which there is no evidence
• Differences between DSM-5 and ICD-11 in classifying schizophrenia

  In DSM-5 at least one of the positive symptoms must be present for a diagnosis, whereas with the ICD-11, two or more negative symptoms are sufficient for a diagnosis
• Negative symptoms


  Behaviours that would be found in someone without schizophrenia are missing in the person with schizophrenia
• Hallucinations


  • Disturbances in perception, false perceptions that have no basis in reality
• Speech poverty

  • Reduction in the amount and quality of speech, lack of ability to produce fluent words
• Avolition


  • Difficulty or inability to start and continue with goal-directed behaviour
• Major systems for the classification and diagnosis of mental disorders

  • The World Health Organisation’s International Classification of Disease 11 (ICD-11)
  • The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual edition 5 (DSM-5)
• Previous subtypes of schizophrenia

  • Paranoid schizophrenia
  • Hebephrenic schizophrenia
  • Catatonic schizophrenia
• Positive symptoms


  Added behaviours that would not be there in someone without schizophrenia
• Common types of delusions in schizophrenia

  • Delusions of persecution
  • Delusions of grandeur
  • Delusions of control