Chemistry

• How many electrons can each subshell hold.

  s = 2 , p = 6 , d = 10 , f = 16
• What are the four types of subshells?

  s , p , d and f
• What is the nucleus composed of?

  Protons and neutrons.
• What is the smallest particle of a chemical element?

  An Atom.
• Do non-metals gain or lose electrons?

  They gain electrons to achieve the same electron configuration as the nearest noble gas.
• Do metals (excl. transition metals) gain or lose electrons?

  They lose electrons to achieve the same electron configuration as the nearest noble gas.
• Transition metals lose electrons in 4s and then they can lose electrons in 3d.
• What subatomic particle determines the chemical identity?

  Proton
• What subatomic particle determines the chemical property?

  Electron
• What subatomic particle determines the physical property?

  Neutron
• Atomic Radii size general trend

  
• Valency


  Indicates the number of electrons that can be gained, lost, or shared by an atom to achieve a more stable electron configuration.
• Duet Rule

  Two electrons in the outer most shell to become stable.
• Octet Rule

  8 Electrons to achieve a more stable electron.
• Expanded Octet Rule

  More than 8 electrons in the outer most shell.
• Incomplete Octet Rule

  Not enough electrons to have 8 valence electrons, and too many to acheive duet rule.
• What is electronegativity?

  The tendency for an atom to attract electrons.
• Chemical Reactivity

  
• Electronegativity Trend

  
• Sig Fig

  • All non- digits = significant. 123.45

  • 0's to the left all non- digits = not significant. 0.00123

  • 0's between non- digits = significant. 120.034

  • 0's to the right of non- digits in whole number = not significant. 12300

  • 0's to the right after a decimal point = significant. 123.00

  • Scientific notation, #.## , all number shown before are

  significant.

  • Exact numbers, not measured = infinite significant figures.
• What are nanoparticles?

  Very small particles with a size range of 1 - 100 nm.
• What types of properties are there?

  Chemical and Physical
• Homogenous Mixture


  The components are uniformly distributed throughout the material.
• Heterogenous Mixture


  Components are non-uniformly distributed throughout the material.
• What are the three types of separation?

  Filtration, Evaporation, and Distillation.
• What is filtration used for?

  It is used to separate insoluble solids and liquids.
• What is Evaporation used for?

  It is used to separate a homogenous mixture.
• What is distillation used for?

  It is used to seperate liquid mixtures.
• What is an isotope?

  An isotope is a variant of an element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in its nucleus.
• What subatomic particle is responsible for producing these spectrums?

  Electron
• Emission spectrum

  
• Absorption spectrum