M3: Mental Health

• Late Childhood


  Gang and creativity age when self-help skills, social skills, school skills, and play are developed
• Erik Erikson was born in 1902 near Frankfurt, Germany to Danish parents. He studied art and a variety of languages during his school years. Instead of going to college, he traveled around Europe, keeping a diary of his experiences
• Joseph Liebman: 'Maturity is achieved when a person postpones immediate pleasures for long term values'
• Developmental Stages

  • Pre-natal
  • Infancy
  • Early Childhood
  • Late Childhood
  • Adolescence
  • Early Adulthood
  • Middle Age
  • Old Age
• Middle Age


  Transition age when adjustments to initial physical and mental decline are experienced
• Adolescence


  Transition age from childhood to adulthood when sex maturation and rapid physical development occur resulting in changes in ways of feeling, thinking, and acting
• Erik Erikson coined the term 'identity crisis' and believed that it was one of the most important conflicts people face in development. An identity crisis is a time of intensive analysis and exploration of different ways of looking at oneself
• Human Development

  • Focuses on human growth and changes across the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality, and emotional growth
• Infancy


  Foundation age when basic behaviors are organized and many ontogenetic maturation skills are developed
• Old Age


  Retirement age when increasingly rapid physical and mental decline are experienced
• Early Childhood

  Pre-gang age, exploratory, and questioning. Language and Elementary reasoning are acquired and initial socialization is experienced
• The study of human developmental stages is essential to understanding how humans learn, mature, and adapt
• Early Adulthood


  Age of adjustment to new patterns of life and roles such as spouse, parent, and breadwinner
• Erik Erikson: 'Erik Erikson has made a contribution to the field of psychology with his developmental theory. He can be compared to Sigmund Freud in that he claimed that humans develop in stages. Erikson developed eight psychosocial stages in which humans develop throughout their entire lifespan'
• According to Erikson, children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust
• Preschool (3 to 5 years)

  1. Initiative vs. Guilt

  2. Exploration/ Purpose

  3. Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt
• Erikson: 'An identity crisis is a time of intensive analysis and exploration of different ways of looking at oneself'
• Stages of Psychosocial Development

  • Infancy (birth to 18 months)
  • Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)
  • Preschool (3 to 5 years)
  • School Age (6 to 11 years)
  • Adolescence (12 to 18 years)
  • Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)
  • Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)
  • Maturity (65 to death)
• Skills developed in adulthood

  • Developing occupational skills
  • Self-reliance
  • Ability to manage finances
  • Social responsibility
  • Personal responsibility
• Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)

  1. Intimacy vs. Isolation

  2. Relationships/ Love

  3. Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation
• School Age (6 to 11 years)

  1. Industry vs. Inferiority

  2. School/ Competency

  3. Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority
• Infancy (birth to 18 months)

  1. Trust vs. Mistrust

  2. Feeding/ Hope

  3. Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust
• Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)

  1. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

  2. Independence/ Will

  3. Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt
• Maturity (65 to death)

  1. Ego Integrity vs. Despair

  2. Reflection on Life/ Wisdom

  3. Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair
• Erikson's own interest in identity began in childhood. Raised Jewish, Erikson appeared very Scandinavian and often felt that he was an outsider of both groups
• Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)

  1. Generativity vs. Stagnation

  2. Work and Parenthood/ Care

  3. Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world
• Adolescence (12 to 18 years)

  1. Identity vs. Role Confusion

  2. Social Relationships/ Fidelity

  3. Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self
• Cause of Anxiety: self-reaction to threatening or destructive urges
• Speaker: '“Successful people are always looking for opportunities to help others. Unsuccessful people are always asking What’s in it for me?” - Brian Tracy'
• Defense mechanism denotes the various ways people convince themselves through self-deception that they are not threatened or do not really want something they cannot get
• ID


  Completely unconscious at the core of personality, seeks pleasure without regard for what is proper or just
• A more in-depth view of knowing oneself is provided by Sigmund Freud and his Psychoanalytic Theory
• Modern psychology presents different approaches for people to better understand themselves
• Structure of Personality

  • ID
  • EGO
  • SUPEREGO
• Objectives

  1. Discuss how facing the challenges during adolescence may help clarify and manage the demands of teen years

  2. Express feelings on the expectations of significant people such as parents, siblings, friends, teachers, community leaders

  3. Discuss Psychologist and their theories in meeting challenges

  4. Make affirmations that help become more lovable and capable as an adolescent
• SUPEREGO


  Moral and ideal aspects of personality, guided by moralistic and idealistic principles
• Anxiety is fear about what might happen, causing uneasiness of the mind
• Defense mechanisms happen to minimize an unpleasant emotional state and result in a variety of internal defense mechanisms
• To face challenges effectively, one needs to know how to behave under such trying circumstances
• EGO


  The region of the mind in contact with reality, governed by the reality principle