NCMA 112

• Dimension of Health

  • BROADER: Environmental and societal dimensions
  • INDIVIDUAL: Physical Health, Mental Health, Emotional Health, Social Health, Spiritual Health, Sexual Health, Societal Health, Environmental Health
• Historical Background of Health Education

  • FIVE AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY OF HEALTH EDUCATION
  • EVOLUTION OF THE TEACHING ROLE OF NURSES
  • EDUCATION PROCESS
• Health


  • The condition of being sound in body, mind or spirit; freedom from physical disease or pain
  • Refers to the ability of a person to function effectively physically, socially, psychologically, and spiritually
  • Good health is a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
  • Health is a resource for everyday life, not the object of living, and is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical capabilities
• Health Promotion


  • Any endeavor directed at enhancing the quality of health and well-being of individuals, families, groups, community, through strategies involving supportive environments, coordination of resources and respect for personal choice and values
  • Term introduced in 1974 by Canadian Health Minister La Londe and popularized in the 1980s by the WHO
• Groups in Period of Apprentice Nursing

  • THE CRUSADES
  • MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS
  • THE ALEXIAN BROTHERS
  • EARLY AMERICA
• Periods of Nursing

  • PERIOD OF INTUITIVE NURSING
  • PERIOD OF APPRENTICE NURSING
  • PERIOD OF EDUCATED NURSING
• Periods of Health Promotion

  • BABYLONIA (IRAQ)
  • GREECE
  • EGYPT
  • PALESTINE
  • ROME
  • CHINA
  • MIDDLE AGES
  • RENAISSANCE
• Health Education


  • A tool or mechanism for health-related learning resulting in an increase in knowledge, skill development, and change in behaviour
  • Directed toward changing behaviour toward a preset goal
• Factors in the Ecosystem which affect the Optimum Level of Functioning (OLOF)

  • POLITICAL FACTORS
• Outline

  • HEALTH
  • HEALTH EDUCATION
  • DIMENSION OF HEALTH
  • HEALTH PROMOTION
  • FACTORS IN THE ECOSYSTEM THAT AFFECT THE OPTIMUM LEVEL OF FUNCTIONING (OLOF)
  • HEALTH PROMOTION: ANCIENT TIMES
  • HEALTH PROMOTION: MIDDLE AGES
  • HEALTH PROMOTION: RENAISSANCE
  • PERIOD OF INTUITIVE NURSING
  • PERIOD OF APPRENTICE NURSING
  • PERIOD OF EDUCATED NURSING
  • HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF HEALTH EDUCATION
• Contributions of Ancient Civilizations to Medicine and Nursing

  • ROME
  • GREECE
  • CHINA
  • AFRICA
  • INDIA
• Hereditary

  Understanding of genetically influenced diseases and genetic risks
• Health Care Delivery System

  1. Focus on promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative aspects of care

  2. Primary health care as a partnership approach to the effective provision of essential health services that are community-based, accessible, acceptable, sustainable, and affordable
• Health promotion practices of ancient Romans included exercise, massage, and other therapeutic baths
• Environmental Influences

  Menace of pollution, communicable disease due to poor sanitation, poor garbage collection, smoking, utilization of pesticides, lack or absence of proper and adequate waste and sewerage disposal system and management, noise, radiation, air and water pollution
• The principle of quarantine was to be of great importance in later history
• Hippocrates believed health to be dependent upon equilibrium among the mind, body, and environment rather than the whims of the Gods
• Health promotion practices of ancient Romans were mostly directed at public health with the establishment of regulations for sanitation, street cleaning, building construction, ventilation, and heating among others
• Under the leadership of Moses, Mosaic Code differentiated clean from unclean and emphasized the segregation of those with communicable disease
• Minister La Londe: 'Macdonald & Bunton , 1992. and was not popular until the 1980’s when the (WHO) World Health Organization began a campaign for global public health'
• Socio-Economic Influences

  Families in lower income group are the ones mostly served
• Factors in the ecosystem which affect the Optimum Level of Functioning (OLOF)

  • Political Factors
  • Behavioral Factors
  • Hereditary
  • Health Care Delivery System
  • Environmental Influences
  • Socio-Economic Influences
• Political Factors

  1. Power and authority to regulate the environment or social climate

  2. Safety

  3. Oppression

  4. People empowerment
• Behavioral Factors


  1. Person’s level of functioning affected by habits, lifestyle, health care, and child rearing practices determined by culture and ethnic heritage

  2. Culture

  3. Habits

  4. Ethnic customs
• During the Renaissance, the holistic view of health and illness shifted to a disintegrated view, maintaining that the body was separated from the mind
• Accomplishments directed at public health

  • Establishment of regulations for sanitation
  • Street cleaning
  • Building construction
  • Ventilation
  • Heating
• Galen's definition of health


  Emphasized the ability of an individual to carry out the functions of daily life without hindrance or pain
• During the Renaissance, the responsibility of society for public health and welfare was at least recognized
• Hippocrates and Galen viewed health as


  An interaction between a person and his/her environment
• During the Renaissance, problems with communicable diseases were minimal in the colonies
• During the period of intuitive nursing, early Christians increased the public's awareness of health mainly through the development of the concept of quarantine
• Hippocrates rejected the belief that diseases had supernatural causes and recognized the need for nurses
• Maintenance of balance between yin and yang resulted in perfect health of the mind, body, and spirit
• During the Middle Ages, after the fall of Rome, health and medicines of ancient worlds were lost
• Chinese ancient civilizations used massage therapy, hydrotherapy, exercise, herbs, minerals, and acupuncture as preventive health measures
• During the Renaissance, there was a return to scientific thought and attempts to understand and control life
• Chinese views on a healthy lifestyle

  • Maintaining a balance between yin and yang forces
  • Yin: associated with negative energy, passiveness, destruction, the moon, darkness, and death
  • Yang: associated with positive energy, action, generativity, the sun, light, and the creativity of life
• During the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church claimed authority for the welfare of society, and purity of the soul became the highest priority
• African ancient civilizations made contributions to medicine and nursing
• The Greeks introduced the caduceus, the insignia of the medical profession today