U2 CH22 Immune System (A&P2)

• Infectious agents


  Organisms that cause damage or even death to host organism (also called pathogen)
• 5 major types of infectious agents

  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Fungi
  4. Protozoans
  5. Multicellular Parasites
• Prokaryote


  Group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelles
• Eukaryote


  Organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes
• Leukocytes respond to chemical signal proteins called...

  Cytokines
• Does innate and adaptive immune sytem work together?


  Yes
• Normal Flora


  Microorganisms associated with healthy tissue of the host without causing disease
• Fungal Infection


  Taking antibiotics and suddenly having thrush in the mouth (Normal flora was killed and fungus took over)
• Phagocytic cells


  Phagocytose bacteria or virus and degrade the pathogen (a type of endocytosis)
• Proinflammatory Cells


  Basophils and Mast cells
• Never, Let, Monkeys, Eat, Bananas

  1. Neutrophils
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basophils
• Neutrophils


  Kill bacteria, fungi, and foreign debris
• Lymphocytes


  Help fight viruses and make antibodies
• Monocytes


  Clean up damaged cells
• Eosinophils


  Kill parasites, cancer cells, and involved in allergic response
• Basophils


  Involved in allergic response
• Chemotaxic chemicals


  Recruit other immune cells
• Histamine


  Vasodilation & vascular permeability
• Heparin


  Prevents blood coagulation
• Eiconsanoids


  Increase inflammation
• Apoptosis Inducing Cells


  Natural killer cells
• Cytotoxic chemicals


  Granzymes to induce apoptosis
• Parasite-Destroying Cells


  Eosinophils (Release of chemicals toxic to parasite)
• Complements (Always floating in plasma of blood). Once active, they...


  Opsonize: cover pathogen to recruit immune cells to eat it
• Antihistamines


  Prevent histamine release from basophils and mast cells
• Steroids


  Reduce immune system activity
• Epinephrine


  Vasoconstriction of select vessels and increased heart rate
• Positive selection


  Only T-Cells that have TCR that binds to MHC molecules survive
• Negative selection


  T-Cells that DON'T recognize self-antigens survive
• Active Immunity

  • Immune response the body makes
  • Infection
  • Vaccines
• Passive Immunity

  • The short-term immunity in which results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal
  • Antibodies from mom's milk
  • Antibodies from anti-venom
• Vaccines are meant to stimulate adaptive immunity & create __

  Memory lymphocytes