respiration and the respiratory system in humans

• ATP is the main energy currency of cells and it is produced during cellular respiration.
• The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries, which allow oxygen to diffuse into the bloodstream.
• Oxygen enters the lungs through the nose or mouth and travels down the trachea (windpipe) into smaller tubes called bronchioles.
• Bronchioles lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs between the air and the bloodstream.
• Alveolar walls contain thin membranes that allow gases to easily pass from the air inside the alveolus to the surrounding capillary blood vessels.
• Bronchioles lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs between the air and blood vessels.
• Capillary beds surround the alveoli, allowing for efficient diffusion of oxygen into the bloodstream.
• Carbon dioxide leaves the body when we exhale.
• Glucose is the food chemical most often used for respiration in respiration reactions.
• The process of cellular respiration involves breaking down glucose molecules to release energy.
• Cellular respiration takes place within cells and requires oxygen as an input.
• Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration but not for anaerobic
• aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide, anaerobic respiration (in animals) does not.
• aerobic respiration produces water, anaerobic does not
• aerobic is more efficient that anaerobic respiration because it uses oxygen
• muscle cells are capable of anaerobic respiration
• High temperatures denature the enzymes that control respiration
• A person 'pays back' oxygen debt by continuing to breathe hard allowing the oxygen to break down the lactic acid that has built up.
• in aerobic respiration we use glucose and oxygen and release carbon dioxide, water and energy
• carbon dioxide is the waste gas when you breathe out
• The upper part of your body is called the chest or the thorax, this is where your lungs are located.
• The thorax is surrounded by a cage of ribs
• the thorax is seperated from the abdomen by the diaphragm muscle.
• when the arm bends, the bicep muscle contracts. When the arm straightens again, the tricep muscle contracts and the bicep muscle relaxes.
• You get hot when you run because muscles are made of muscle cells. Muscle cells need energy to contract. Some of the energy in muscles is released as heat.
• Aerobic Respiration (word):

  Oxygen + Glucose --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
• Respiration is a series of enzyme controlled reactions that occurs in the cells and makes energy for body processes (growth, movement, new molecules, etc.)
• When air goes into your lungs the oxygen diffuses from little air sacks called alveoli into the blood stream, oxygen rises. Waste gasses such as carbon dioxide diffuse out of the blood stream, carbon dioxide decreases. This happens because of respiration.
• ATP is energy produced in the mitochondria
• Anaerobic respiration takes place when we are exercising hard, our body cannot supply the muscles with the oxygen needed fast enough.
• Anaerobic Respiration (word):

  
  

  Glucose --> Lactic Acid + ATP
• Aerobic respiration is more efficient because it has more ATP per molecule of glucose
• Air is taken into the body through the nasal cavity, the air then travels down through the trachea. It will then go through the bronchus, entering the lungs where it travels through the bronchiole into the alveoli.
• The oxygen in the alveoli diffuses through the alveoli wall (which is one cell thick) into the blood stream where oxygen is absorbed by the deoxygenated red blood cells. Carbon Dioxide in the deoxygenated blood diffuses into the alveoli and is released during respiration. Diffusion is the movement of high concentration oxygen in the alveoli to low concentration in the blood stream.
• The alveoli have a bumpy surface for an increased surface area. The walls are only one cell thick to allow diffusion. The surface is most to allow diffusion (dissolving the oxygen)
• Inspiration -

  1. The diaphragm contracts and flattens
  2. The intercostal muscles contract and the rib cage moves up and out
  3. The volume of the thorax/chest cavity increases
  4. Air pressure in the thorax decreases
  5. lungs increase in volume
  6. Pressure inside the lungs is less than outside and air is forced in
• megan is so cool and weird
• Expiration -

  1. The diaphragm relaxes and domes
  2. The intercostal muscles relax and the rib cage moved down and in
  3. The volume of the thorax/chest cavity decreases
  4. air pressure in the thorax increases
  5. lungs decrease in volume
  6. Pressure inside the lungs is more than outside and air is forced out
• Limitation of Bell Jar Model -

  1. The bell jar is rigid, it cannot move like a ribcage can.
  2. The diaphragm moves differently to the rubber sheet (when a diaphragm relaxes it is domed, when it contracts it is flat - when the model rubber sheet relaxes it is flat, when it contracts it is pulled down)
  3. The balloons do not fill the whole jar like the lungs fill the whole thorax
• To demonstrate inspiration through the bell jar model, pull the rubber sheet down. This increases the volume in the bell jar and decreases the pressure. This means that the pressure inside the bell jar is less than outside and air is forced into the balloons, inflating them.