'Malestream' refers to the idea that criminology has an overwhelming bias towards male offending
Transgressive criminology refers to going beyond the boundaries of traditional criminology - e.g, the laws and the way they are enforced can harm women.
Focus on street crime is a reflection of male concerns
Instead sociologists should look at domestic violence, women staying home due to fear of crime, and the way they are treated by the law in issues of rape and harassment.
Women are secondary victims - the crime and the legal system
Marxist feminists criticise postmodern feminists for failing to focus on the wider structural factors within capitalism that oppress women.
Femicide = the intentional murder of women because they are women
WorldEconomic Forum (2023) - Radical feminism
6 women killed every hour by men around the world
In the Uk a woman is killed by a man every 3 days
The Femicide Report - Radical Feminism
1425 femicides between 2009-2018
62% of perpetrators were a current or ex spouse
The Casey Report (2023) - Radical Feminism
Result of the Sarah Everard murder by police officer
Uncovered a 'toxic culture of misogyny, racism, and homophobia' within Metropolitan police.
2-3 police officers will face trial every week until 2025 for violence against women
Official statistics
1 in 4 women will experience domestic abuse in their lifetime
1.4 million women annually
Dobash & Dobash 1980 - Radical Feminists
Domestic violence becomes 'routine' and 'normal'
Men felt they had the right to 'discipline' their wives for being 'bad' wives
Rarely complained about it or sought medical attention
Dworkin - Radical Feminist
Rape, prostitution, and pornography are inevitable in a male dominated culture.
Pornography is sex discrimination - created and produced for men, by men.
All sex is like rape as women are not given the same social, economic, and legal rights as men so are not free to give consent.
Marital rape was legal until 1991
Dworkin is criticised for suggesting that all men are potential rapists which is biologically deterministic (which feminists spent a long time rejecting.) She is accused of reducing the power and autonomy that women possess and reducing them to powerless victims (something liberal feminists try to combat)
Heidensohn - Liberal Feminist
Women are more conformist due to the control of the patriarchy at home, public, and work.
Home - daughters overcontrolled, women expected to do housework
Public - virtual curfew, limit behaviour due to labels like 'slut' and 'bitch'
Work - harassment, controlled by male superiors
Heidensohn is criticised as many think the idea that women commit less crime is a myth.Pollack highlights this through the 'chivalry thesis.'Campbell used a SRS to find that women committed the same amount of crime.
Ansley - Marxist Feminism
Women are the 'takers of shit' as they are more likely to be victims of crime and oppression.
Family is the cornerstone of oppression - domestic violence is a result of their husband's anger towards his weak position in capitalist society.
Women do free domestic labour which is a moral 'crime'
Ansley is criticised for ignoring the victimisation of men - a study by Parity suggests 40% of all victims of domestic abuse are men. Domestic violence happens in all social classes and societies, not just capitalism.