the terminology test to end all terms

• Acquired immunity

  The body's ability to recognise and remember specific pathogens and mount an immune response against them, achieved through exposure to pathogens or vaccination
• Innate immunity

  • Physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes
  • Cellular components such as macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
• Adaptive immunity

  Develops when the immune system responds to a foreign substance or microorganism, involving specific antigens and a targeted response
• Natural immunity happens after infection of a pathogen and the immune system responds by making antibodies to it
• Lymphocytes

  A type of white blood cell crucial in defending the body against infections and diseases, produced in the bone marrow
• Inflammation

  The body's immune system's response to an irritant, which could be a pathogen or a foreign object
• Acquired immunity

  • High specificity to particular antigens
  • Activation of lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)
  • Development of memory for rapid and effective responses
• Inflammation

  • Redness
  • Heat
  • Swelling
  • Pain
  • Loss of function in the affected area
• Adaptive immunity

  • Specificity
  • Memory
  • Involvement of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and antibodies
• Innate immunity


  The defence system with which you were born, providing immediate protection against a wide range of invaders
• 1. lymphocytes

  Also known as B-cells, involved in the adaptive immune response by producing antibodies against pathogens
• 1. lymphocytes

  Also known as T cells, a type of white blood cell crucial in the immune response
• Immune response


  It is how the body recognises and defends itself against bacteria, viruses, and substances that appear foreign and harmful
• Leucocytes

  Also known as white blood cells (WBCs), crucial in defending the body against infections and diseases
• Eosinophils

  Primarily combat parasitic infections, modulate allergic reactions and inflammation, release substances like histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokines
• Neutrophils

  Part of the innate immune response, migrate towards sites of infection or tissue damage, primarily involved in phagocytosis and release toxic substances to eliminate pathogens
• Suppressor cells

  Reduce the activity of other T-cells when necessary, prevent T-cells from attacking the body's healthy cells
• Dendritic cells

  Responsible for capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to T cells, helping initiate and regulate the adaptive immune response
• 1. cells

  A type of white blood cell involved in the adaptive immune response, originating from the bone marrow and producing antibodies against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins
• Killer T cell

  Also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes, designed to identify and destroy cells infected with viruses or cancerous cells
• Helper T cells

  Also known as CD4+ T cells, assist other immune cells like B cells and cytotoxic T cells, recognise antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells, release cytokines to stimulate immune response
• Phagocytes

  A type of white blood cell responsible for engulfing and digesting foreign particles like bacteria, viruses, and dead or damaged cells
• Basophils


  Part of the innate immune system, involved in the inflammatory response by releasing histamine and other chemicals, defend against parasites by releasing substances that can destroy them
• Phagocytosis

  A biological process where cells like macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells engulf and digest foreign particles, pathogens, or cell debris
• Killer T cells mechanism

  Recognise infected or cancerous cells, bind to them, release toxic substances causing the target cell to die
• Macrophage

  A type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, and cancer cells through phagocytosis
• 1. lymphocytes

  A type of white blood cell, also known as T cells, playing a central role in the immune system's response to pathogens such as viruses and bacteria, produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland
• Vaccination

  Treatment with a vaccine to produce immunity to a particular infectious disease or pathogen
• Vaccine

  • A biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease
  • Stimulates the immune system to recognise and destroy disease-causing microorganisms
• Antibody


  • A large Y-shaped protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances called antigens
  • Main function is to recognise and bind to specific antigens, marking them for destruction or neutralisation by the immune system
  • Highly specific to the antigens they target and provide long-term immunity against pathogens
• Antibiotic

  • A type of medication used to treat bacterial infections
  • Works by killing bacteria or preventing their multiplication
  • Not effective against viral infections
• Passive immunisation

  • Transfer of pre-formed antibodies from one individual to another for immediate protection against a specific pathogen or toxin
  • Provides temporary immunity and is often used for individuals who are unable to produce their own antibodies
• Antigen

  • A substance that triggers the immune system to produce antibodies against it
  • Can be proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, or nucleic acids, often found on the surface of pathogens
• Medical biotechnology

  • Uses living cells and cell materials to research and produce pharmaceutical and diagnosing products
  • Helps treat and prevent diseases
• Dendritic cells


  • Named for their distinctive branched or dendritic shape
  • Primarily responsible for capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to T cells
  • Help initiate and regulate the adaptive immune response
• Antibiotic resistance

  • Refers to the ability of bacteria or other microbes to resist the effects of antibiotics
  • Can lead to infections that are difficult or impossible to treat, posing a significant threat to public health
• Phagocytosis

  A process used by immune cells to engulf and destroy pathogens, dead cells, and cancer cells
• Active immunisation


  • Process of inducing immunity against a specific pathogen by administering a vaccine
  • Stimulates the immune system to produce an immune response without causing the disease itself
  • Provides long-term protection against future encounters with the pathogen
• Cellular

  Organisms made up of a cell/cells with a nucleus, cytoplasm & organelles
• Acellular

  Not a cell – has no nucleus, cytoplasm, or organelles