Haloalkanes/Halogenalkanes

• Halogenalkanes can be made from the free radical substitution of an alkane.
• Nucleophiles are nucleus loving and all have a lone pairs they can donate examples of those are OH- , CN- and NH3
• Nucleophilic substitution

  It's the reaction where the halogen is replaced by a nucleophile
• Curly arrows represents the movement of a pair of electrons
• Haloalkane to nitrile

  The halogen goes through nucleophilic substitution to produce a nitrile ( e.g chloropropane would turn to butanenitrile )

  • It requires a CN- ion (cyanide )
  • In ethanolic conditions
• Halogenalkanes to alcohol

  Halogenalkanes go through nucleophilic substitution to produce an alcohol

  • It needs OH- ions
  • Warm and aqueous conditions
• Halogenalkanes to 1°amine

  Halogenalkanes go through nucleophilic substitution to form 1°amime

  • They require an excess of ammonia ( NH3 )
• Classifying of haloalkanes

  Halogenalkanes can either be Primary 1° , Secondary 2° or Tertiary 3°

  • With primary haloalkanes have their halogen bonded to a carbon which is attached to 1 other carbon
  • With secondary haloalkanes have their halogen bonded to a carbon which is attached to 2 other carbon
  • With tertiary haloalkanes have their halogen bonded to a carbon which is attached to 3 other carbon
• Halogenalkanes to alkenes

  Halogenalkanes go through elimination reaction to form Alkenes

  • With the OH- acting as a base
  • Hot and ethanoic conditions

  
• Alkanes do not react with halogens in the dark at room temperature so there has to be a source of UV light