Introduction to organic chemistry

• Molecular formula is the actual number of atoms of each element in a species example C3H7COOH
• Empirical formula is the simplest ratio between each element example so C3H7COOH would be C2H4O
• Structural formula is where the hydrogen bonds are simplified and example of this is in the diagram below.

  
• Displayed formula shows every bond
• Skeletal formula only the bonds and non carbon atoms are showed

  
• Suffixs and prefixes

  Alkanes = - ane

  Alkenes = - ene

  Haloalkanes = chloro - , bromo - iodo - and fluoro -

  Alcohols = - ol

  Aldehydes= al

  Ketones = - one

  Carboxylic acids - oic acid
• Functional groups

  Alkenes = C=C

  Alcohols = - OH

  Ketones = C=O

  Aldehydes = H - C=O

  Carboxylic acids = COOH

  Haloalkanes/ Halogenalkanes = any halogen bonded to C
• Side chains ( alkyl groups)

  When naming a compound they would act as a prefix

  1 carbon = - CH3 which is methyl

  2 carbon = - C2H5 which is ethyl

  3 carbon = - C3H7 which is propyl

  4 carbon = - C4H9 which is butyl
• Isomerism

  Isomers are chemicals which have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms
• Structural isomerism

  There are three types of structural isomerism functional group, chain and position
• Structural isomerism pt2

  Functional group isomerism is where the functional group changes
• Structural isomerism pt3

  Chain isomerism is where the isomer has different branches of carbon chains
• Structural isomerism pt4

  Position isomerism is where the position of the functional group changes
• Stereoisomerism

  Stereoisomerism is where the molecules have the same structural formula but their atoms have different arrangements in space e.g. E-Z isomerism
• E-Z isomerism only occurs when there are different groups around a double bond. The higher priority groups is the one with the high Mr value.

  
• Condensed formula it writes what is on each element ( usually carbon ) for example CH2CH2CH2COOH is the same as C3H7COOH
• IUPAC naming rules pt2

  • When there are two or more of the same groups then di - , tri - and terta is used
  • If there's more than one function group then they are separated by commas and the groups are listed alphabetical order.
  • Suffix for alkenes go infront of other suffixs
• IUPAC naming rules pt1

  • The name is based on the longest carbon chain
  • The functional group is indicated by a prefix or suffix
  • The position of the functional group is given by a number