chem wk 2 solutions

• formula to get solution?

  solute + solvent
• Solute – Component/s that are dissolved in the solvent.
• solvent: components that dissolves solutes
• Solution – Mixture of

  the solute and solvent.
• homogenous solutions: a solution that is uniform throughout, with no distinct layers or regions.
• aqueous solution: a solution in which the solvent is water, and the solute is dissolved in it
• concentrated solution: a solution that contains a lot of solute per unit volume of solution
• diluted solution: a solution that contains a small amount of solute dissolved in a large amount of solvent
• non-aqueous solution: do not contain water as the solvent
• solubility: The ability of one substance to be mixed into another without separating out again
• unsaturated: dissolved solution is below saturated point. more can dissolve
• saturated: dissolved solute is at saturation point. no more can dissolve
• supersaturated: dissolved solute is above saturated point. additional solute gathers at the bottom
• hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic: types of base on concentration of solution in two solutions
• • hypertonic: higher solute concentration compared to the inside of cell.water moves out of the cell.cell shriveling.
• • isotonic: same solute concentration as inside of a cell.cells r in equilibrium with their surroundingswater molecules move freely in and put of the cell at the same rate.
• • hypotonic: has lower solute concentration than inside the cell.when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water moves into the cell.
• concentration of solution: refers to the amount of solute present in a given amount of solvent or solution.
• Percent by Mass, %(m/m) – computed by dividing the mass of the solute by the mass of the solution. A 30% sugar solution in water means that 30 grams

  of sugar is dissolved in 70 grams of water to create 100 grams of solution.

  formula: %(m/m) = mass of solute (g) / mass of solution (g) x 100%
• Percent by Volume, %(v/v) – the method used when the substances that form the solution states those quantities can be more accurately measured in

  terms of volume such as when both the solute and solvent are in the same liquid or gaseous state.

  formula: %(v/v) = volume of solute (mL) / volume of solution (mL) x 100%
• Percent by Mass-Volume, %(m/v) – ratio of the mass of solute that is present in a solution, relative to the volume of the solution, as a whole.

  formula: %(m/v) = mass of solute (g) / volume of solution (mL) x 100%
• Parts per million (ppm) – a unit of measurement used to express a very low concentration of a solute in a solution.

  formula: ppm = mass of solute (g) / mass of solution (g) x 10^6
• Parts per billion (ppb) – expresses the number of units of a given substance that exist as a portion of a greater substance comprised of one billion parts.

  formula: ppb = mass of solute (g) / mass of solution (g) x 10^9
• Mole fraction (X) – ratio of moles of one substance in a mixture to the total number of moles of all substances.

  Xa = Mol A / Mol A + Mol B

  Xb = Mol B / Mol A + Mol B
• Molarity (M) – the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution. It has the unit of mol/L and is read as molar.

  formula: M = moles of solute (mol) / liter of solution (L)
• Molality (m) – similar to molarity except the number of moles is divided by 1 kg of solvent rather than 1 L of solution. The unit of measurement is mol/kg and read as molal.

  formula: m = moles of solute (mol) / kg of solvent (kg)
• the state of matter of the solution is always the same as the state of matte of the solvent
• Solutions are homogeneous mixtures with uniform composition throughout.
• An unsaturated solution can hold more solute if it is heated or cooled, but not both.
• A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a particular temperature.
• An unsaturated solution can be made more concentrated by adding additional solute until it becomes saturated.
• heterogenous solution: a solution that contains a solute that is not uniformly distributed throughout the solution