Stages

• The first psychosocial stage is infancy, a period encompassing approximately the first year of life and paralleling Freud’s oral phase of development
• Erikson’s expanded view of infancy is expressed in the term oral- sensory, a phrase that includes infants’ principal psychosexual mode of adapting.

  oral-sensory stage is characterized by two modes of incorporation—receiving and accepting what is given. Infants can receive even in the absence of other people; that is, they can take in air through the lungs and can receive sensory data without having to manipulate others. The second mode of incorporation, however, implies a social context. Infants not only must get, but also must get someone else to give.
• 1 Basic trust vs. basic mistrust - Basic trust is usually syntonic, and basic mistrust is dystonic. HOPE
• Hope emerges from the conflict between basic trust and basic mistrust. Without the antithetical relationship between trust and mistrust, people cannot develop hope. Must experience pa rin
• Freud: anus as the primary erogenous zone during this period and that during the early sadistic-anal phase, children receive pleasure in destroying or losing objects, while later they take satisfaction in defecating.

  Erikson: young children receive pleasure not only from mastering the sphincter muscle but also from mastering other body functions such as urinating, walking, throwing, holding, and so on.
• At the time of anal-urethral-muscular mode, children learn to control their body, especially in relation to cleanliness and mobility. Early childhood is more than a time of toilet training; it is also a time of learning to walk, run, hug parents, and hold on to toys and other objects.
• 2 Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt - early childhood If early childhood is a time for self-expression and autonomy, then it is also a time for shame and doubt. As children stubbornly express their anal–urethral–muscular mode, they are likely to find a culture that attempts to inhibit some of their self-expression. WILL
• The basic strength of will or willfulness evolves from the resolution of the crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt.
• Erikson’s third stage of development is the play age, a period covering the same time as Freud’s phallic phase—roughly ages 3–5.
• The primary psychosexual mode during the play age is genital- locomotor. Erikson (1982) saw the Oedipal situation as a prototype “of the lifelong power of human playfulness” (p. 77). In other words, the Oedipus complex is a drama played out in the child’s imagination and includes the budding understanding of such basic concepts as reproduction, growth, future, and death.
• 3 Initiative versus Guilt - Play age As children begin to move around more easily and vigorously and as their genital interest awakens, they adopt an intrusive head-on mode of approaching the world. PURPOSE
• School Age - Erikson’s concept of school age covers development from about age 6 to approximately age 12 or 13 and matches the latency years of Freud’s theory.
• Industry versus Inferiority - school age Although school age is a period of little sexual development, it is a time of tremendous social growth. COMPETENCE
• Adolescence, the period from puberty to young adulthood, is one of the most crucial developmental stages because, by the end of this period, a person must gain a firm sense of ego identity.
• Puberty, defined as genital maturation, plays a relatively minor role in Erikson’s concept of adolescence. Puberty is important psychologically because it triggers expectations of adult roles yet ahead—roles that are essentially social and can be filled only through a struggle to attain ego identity.
• Identity versus Identity confusion - adolescence. With the advent of puberty, adolescents look for new roles to help them discover their identities. Erikson believed that exploring questions of occupational and ideological identity were the critical issues during adolescence. FIDELITY
• The pathological counterpart of fidelity is role repudiation, the core pathology of adolescence that blocks one’s ability to synthesize various self-images and values into a workable identity.
• Diffidence is an extreme lack of self-trust or self-confidence and is expressed as shyness or hesitancy to express oneself.

  In contrast, defiance is the act of rebelling against authority.
• Young adulthood —a time from about age 19 to 30—is circumscribed not so much by time as by the acquisition of intimacy at the beginning of the stage and the development of generativity at the end.
• True genitality can develop only during young adulthood when it is distinguished by mutual trust and a stable sharing of sexual satisfactions with a loved person.
• Intimacy vs. isolation - young adulthood - love
• Exclusivity becomes pathological when it blocks one’s ability to cooperate, compete, or compromise—all prerequisite ingredients for intimacy. exclusive ilang parts
• For most people, this is the longest stage of development, spanning the years from about age 31 to 60. Adulthood is characterized by the psychosexual mode of procreativity, the psychosocial crisis of generativity versus stagnation, and the basic strength of care.
• procreativity refers to more than genital contact with an intimate partner. It includes assuming responsibility for the care of offspring that result from that sexual contact.
• Care vs rejectivity
• Old age can be a time of joy, playfulness, and wonder; but it is also a time of senility, depression, and despair. The psychosexual mode of old age is generalized sensuality; the psychosocial crisis is integrity versus despair, and the basic strength is wisdom.