DNA

• What does DNA stand for?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• What does DNA code for?

  Amino acid sequences
• How does the primary structure of proteins relate to their function?

  It determines the final 3D shape
• Which cells do not have their own copy of DNA?

  Red blood cells
• Why is DNA considered essential?

  It contains the code for all proteins
• What is the structure of DNA?

  Double helix
• What is a DNA nucleotide composed of?

  Phosphate group, sugar, nitrogen base
• What is the name of the sugar in DNA?

  Deoxyribose
• What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?

  Guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine
• What reaction forms a polynucleotide from DNA nucleotides?

  Condensation reaction
• What bond forms between the phosphate group and deoxyribose in DNA?

  Phosphodiester bond
• Why are phosphodiester bonds important for DNA?

  They create a strong backbone
• What is the sugar-phosphate backbone in DNA?

  The strong structure holding nucleotides together
• How many strands does DNA have?

  Two strands
• What are complementary base pairs in DNA?

  Pairs of bases that bond together
• Which bases are complementary pairs in DNA?

  Cytosine-guanine, adenine-thymine
• How many hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine?

  Three hydrogen bonds
• How many hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine?

  Two hydrogen bonds
• Why is complementary base pairing important for DNA replication?

  It ensures identical copies are created
• How does the double helix structure protect DNA?

  Strong bonds are on the outside
• What stabilizes the DNA structure?

  Covalent phosphodiester bonds
• What is the advantage of weak hydrogen bonds in DNA?

  They allow easy replication
• How does DNA condense in eukaryotic cells?

  It coils around histones
• What is the role of complementary base pairing in DNA replication?

  It allows identical copies to be made
• What are the key features of DNA structure and function?

  • DNA is a double helix
  • Composed of nucleotides (phosphate, deoxyribose, nitrogen base)
  • Contains complementary base pairs (A-T, C-G)
  • Phosphodiester bonds create a strong backbone
  • Hydrogen bonds allow for easy replication
  • Coils around histones for condensation
• What is the structure that RNA is based on?

  RNA is a polymer
• What is the monomer that makes up RNA?

  Nucleotide
• What sugar is found in RNA?

  Ribose sugar
• How many carbons does ribose sugar contain?

  Five carbons
• What does the 'R' in RNA represent?

  Ribose
• What are the four possible nitrogenous bases in RNA?

  Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
• What is the difference between RNA and DNA regarding nitrogenous bases?

  RNA contains uracil instead of thymine
• What is the difference between RNA and DNA regarding sugar?

  RNA contains ribose, DNA contains deoxyribose
• What is the general function of RNA?

  To copy and transfer genetic information
• What are the three types of RNA?

  • Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• What does mRNA stand for?

  Messenger RNA
• What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

  It is a copy of one gene from DNA
• Why can mRNA leave the nucleus?

  It is shorter than DNA
• How long does mRNA typically exist?

  Short-lived
• What does a codon on mRNA represent?

  Three bases coding for one amino acid