biological molecules

• What is the focus of the lesson series?

  Introduction to biological molecules
• What are the two main types of molecules discussed?

  Monomers and polymers
• What is a monomer?

  Smaller units creating larger molecules
• What does the term "polymer" mean?

  Many monomers bonded together
• What is the key monomer discussed in carbohydrates?

  Glucose
• What are the monomers of proteins?

  Amino acids
• What are the monomers of DNA and RNA?

  Nucleotides
• What three elements do carbohydrates contain?

  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• What are the classifications of carbohydrates based on units?

  Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
• What are the disaccharides mentioned for the next lesson?

  Sucrose, maltose, and lactose
• What are the polysaccharides that need to be known?

  Starch, cellulose, and glycogen
• Why is glucose considered a key monosaccharide?

  It is found in all three polysaccharides
• What is the molecular formula of glucose?

  C₆H₁₂O₆
• How many carbons are in the hexagon of glucose?

  Five carbons in the hexagon
• What is an isomer?

  Molecules with the same molecular formula
• What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

  Position of hydroxyl and hydrogen groups
• What is the summary of monomers and polymers in carbohydrates?

  • Monomer: small unit creating larger molecules
  • Polymer: many monomers bonded together
  • Carbohydrates: classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
• What are the key features of glucose?

  • Key monosaccharide in carbohydrates
  • Molecular formula: C₆H₁₂O₆
  • Exists as alpha and beta isomers
• What is the topic of the lesson discussed?

  Disaccharides
• What is a disaccharide composed of?

  Two monosaccharides bonded together
• What is the bond called that joins monosaccharides in disaccharides?

  Glycosidic bond
• What type of reaction forms a disaccharide?

  Condensation reaction
• Name three disaccharides you need to know.

  Maltose, lactose, sucrose
• What do all three disaccharides have in common?

  They contain one molecule of glucose
• What is the word equation for maltose?

  Glucose + Glucose
• What is the word equation for lactose?

  Glucose + Galactose
• What is the word equation for sucrose?

  Glucose + Fructose
• What is released when two monosaccharides bond to form a disaccharide?

  A molecule of water
• What is a condensation reaction?

  Joining two molecules by removing water
• What is hydrolysis?

  Splitting molecules by adding water
• What does the term "lysis" mean in biology?

  To split apart
• How can a disaccharide be hydrolyzed back into monosaccharides?

  By adding water
• What is the process called when large molecules are broken down into monomers in the body?

  Digestion
• What is glycogenolysis?

  Splitting glycogen back into glucose
• What catalyzes hydrolysis reactions in the body?

  Enzymes
• What is the summary of disaccharides?

  • Disaccharides are two monosaccharides bonded together.
  • They are held by glycosidic bonds.
  • Formed through condensation reactions (removal of water).
  • Hydrolysis splits them back into monosaccharides (addition of water).
  • Key disaccharides: maltose, sucrose, lactose.
• What are the key differences between condensation and hydrolysis reactions?

  • Condensation: Joins molecules, removes water.
  • Hydrolysis: Splits molecules, adds water.
• What are the three disaccharides to know for A-level biology?

  • Maltose
  • Lactose
  • Sucrose
• What is the final lesson in the carbohydrates series?

  Polysaccharides
• How are polysaccharides created?

  By condensation reactions of glucose monomers