atp and ions

• What does ATP stand for?

  Adenosine triphosphate
• What is the primary function of ATP in biological processes?

  It serves as an immediate source of energy
• What are the three components of ATP?

  Adenine, ribose sugar, three phosphates
• What type of sugar is found in ATP?

  A pentose sugar called ribose
• What type of phosphates are in ATP?

  Inorganic phosphate groups
• How is ATP synthesized during respiration?

  By adding an inorganic phosphate to ADP
• What enzyme is involved in the synthesis of ATP?

  ATP synthase
• What happens during ATP hydrolysis?

  One bond between phosphate groups is broken
• What enzyme is involved in ATP hydrolysis?

  ATP hydrolase
• Why is ATP described as an immediate source of energy?

  It releases energy rapidly by hydrolysis
• How does ATP transfer energy during phosphorylation?

  By bonding an inorganic phosphate to another molecule
• What is the difference between ATP and glucose as energy sources?

  ATP releases small, manageable energy amounts
• Why is it beneficial for ATP to release small amounts of energy?

  It prevents waste and overheating in cells
• How does the solubility of ATP compare to glucose?

  Both are small and soluble in cells
• How many bonds must be hydrolyzed for ATP to release energy?

  Only one bond needs to be hydrolyzed
• What is phosphorylation in the context of ATP?

  Adding an inorganic phosphate to a molecule
• Can ATP pass out of a cell?

  No, ATP cannot diffuse out of cells
• How does glucose move in and out of cells?

  Through channel and carrier proteins
• What happens to a cell's supply of ATP and ADP?

  Cells maintain a constant supply of ATP or ADP
• What are the key properties of ATP compared to glucose as an energy source?

  • Immediate energy source
  • Releases small, manageable energy amounts
  • Small and soluble for easy transport
  • Only one bond hydrolyzed for energy release
  • Phosphorylation increases reactivity of molecules
  • Cannot pass out of cells
• What is the main topic covered in the video by Miss Estrich?

  Water as a biological molecule
• Why is water considered an important biological molecule?

  It makes up 60 to 70% of the body
• What type of molecule is water described as?

  Dipolar molecule
• What does the term "dipolar" refer to in water's structure?

  It has two different charged regions
• What do the delta symbols in the water diagram represent?

  Slight positive and slight negative charges
• What is the significance of hydrogen bonds in water?

  They lead to water's important properties
• What are the five key properties of water related to its structure?

  1. Metabolite
  2. Solvent
  3. High heat capacity
  4. Large latent heat of vaporization
  5. Strong cohesion
• How is water involved in metabolism?

  It participates in chemical reactions
• What percentage of blood plasma is made up of water?

  Approximately 90%
• Why is water considered a good solvent?

  It can dissolve many substances
• What is the role of water in transporting molecules in animals?

  It helps dissolve and transport substances
• How does the dipolar nature of water contribute to its solvent properties?

  It attracts positive and negative ions
• What type of molecules do water molecules dissolve?

  Polar molecules
• What are lipids described as in relation to water?

  Hydrophobic
• What does high specific heat capacity mean for water?

  It requires a lot of energy to heat
• Why does water's high specific heat capacity benefit organisms?

  It stabilizes internal temperatures
• What happens to enzyme activity if temperature fluctuates too much?

  Enzymes may denature or become inactive
• What is the large latent heat of vaporization in water?

  A lot of energy is needed to vaporize
• How does sweating help regulate body temperature?

  It cools the body through evaporation
• How do plants cool themselves without sweating?

  Through transpiration of water vapor