Basic Pharm

• Generic name


  Proposed by manufacturer and confirmed by the US adopted name council
• Official name


  Generic name followed by initials "USP"

  
  

  FDA official name listed in US pharmacopoeia
• Where are meds derived from?

  Plants

  Animals

  Minerals

  Synthetic
• Legal Aspects


  Standards based on the USP
• The official source for drug info

  United States Pharmacopoeia
• Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970


  Created the Drug Schedules
• Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914


  Regulated opium import and sale
• Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act of 1938


  FDA enforced drug safety

  
  

  1951 Amendment - Pharmacists have to have RX to dispense meds
• Schedule I drug category


  High abuse potential, no medical use
• Schedule I drugs


  Heroin, marijuana, LSD, peyote, Ecstacy, Mescaline
• Schedule II drug category


  High abuse potential, some medical use
• Schedule II drugs


  Opium, cocaine, morphine, codeine, oxycodone
• Schedule III drug category


  Mod/low abuse potential, limited opioids
• Schedule III drugs


  Vicodin (hydrocodone)
• Schedule IV drug category


  Low abuse potential - benzodiazepines, barbiturates, sedative/hypnotics
• Schedule IV drugs


  Benzo: Valium (diazepam), Versed (midazolam), Ativan (lorazepam), Xanax (alprazolam)

  Barb: phenobarbital

  Sed/hyp: Ambien
• Schedule V drug category


  Least abuse potential - antitussives/antidiarrheal
• Schedule V drugs


  Opioid cough medications
• Trade name


  Proprietary/brand name
• Pharmacokinetics


  Action of bodies response to medicine: Absorption, distribution, biotransformation/metabolism, and elimination
• Pharmacodynamics


  Action of drug on body
• Pregnancy Category A


  No risk to fetus (human studies)
• Pregnancy Category B


  No risk in animal studies, No human studies

  
  

  EX: metformin, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), cyclobenzaprine, amoxicillin
• Pregnancy Category C


  Positive fetal risk in animal studies, NO human studies

  Benefit may outweigh risk

  
  

  EX: gabapentin, amlodipine, trazodone
• Pregnancy Category D


  Positive human fetal risk

  Benefits may outweigh risk

  
  

  EX: losartan
• Pregnancy Category X


  positive fetal risk/abnormalities

  Benefit DOES NOT outweigh risk

  
  

  EX: Accutane, atorvastatin, simvastatin, methotrexate, finasteride, thalidomide
• United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)


  official standard for info about pharmaceuticals
• First pass effect


  Biotransformation in the liver metabolizes drug
• Therapeutic Index


  Difference between lethal dose and effective dose
• Tolerance


  Decreased efficacy of medication when taken repeatedly
• Addiction


  Compulsive drug craving and use
• Efficacy


  How well the drug works
• Affinity


  How well the drug binds
• Agonist


  Drug binds to receptor and initiates expected response
• Antagonist


  Drug binds to receptor and PREVENTS expected response
• Agonist-Antagonist


  Stimulates receptor and blocks other drugs/hormones from activating receptor
• Onset of action


  The time from administration until medication reaches minimum effective concentration
• Duration of action


  Length of time the drug remains above its minimum effective concentration
• Patients in Renal Failure are bad at elimination/excretion


  -Drugs stay in their bodies for long time

  -Decreased function affects hepatic metabolism
• pH can affect re-absorption in the renal tubules