immunology

• What is the main topic of today's session?

  Phagocytosis
• What type of response do phagocytes have?

  Nonspecific response
• What do phagocytes do during phagocytosis?

  Engulf and destroy pathogens
• Where are phagocytes found in the body?

  In blood and tissues
• What attracts phagocytes to pathogens?

  Chemicals released by pathogens
• What happens when a phagocyte detects a pathogen?

  It changes shape to engulf the pathogen
• What is the vesicle called that contains the engulfed pathogen?

  Phagosome
• What fuses with the phagosome to destroy the pathogen?

  Lysosome
• What enzyme is released by lysosomes to destroy pathogens?

  Lysozyme
• What is the function of lysozyme?

  To hydrolyze and destroy pathogens
• What happens to the soluble products after a pathogen is destroyed?

  They are absorbed and recycled by phagocytes
• What does a phagocyte become after presenting an antigen?

  An antigen presenting cell
• How do phagocytes respond to different types of foreign particles?

  They respond the same regardless of the particle
• What is the significance of phagocytosis in the immune response?

  It is a nonspecific mechanism to destroy pathogens
• Where can viewers find practice questions related to this topic?

  Miss S Tricks website
• What should viewers do if they found the video helpful?

  Give it a thumbs up
• What is the focus of today's video by Miss Astrick?

  Cell mediated response of immunity
• What type of lymphocytes are involved in the cell mediated response?

  T lymphocytes
• Why are T cells called T cells?

  They mature in the thymus
• What does the specific immune response target?

  Exact antigens or cell surface molecules
• What are antigen presenting cells abbreviated as?

  APC
• What is the role of antigen presenting cells?

  Present non-self antigens on their surface
• What happens to infected body cells regarding antigens?

  They present viral antigens on their surface
• What is the significance of macrophages in the immune response?

  They present antigens after engulfing pathogens
• Why is the response called cell mediated?

  T cells respond to antigens on cell membranes
• What is the first step in the cell mediated response?

  Pathogen engulfed in phagocytosis
• What do helper T cells do upon activation?

  They divide by mitosis to replicate
• What can activated helper T cells differentiate into?

  Memory cells, cytotoxic T cells, or stimulate B cells
• What do cytotoxic T cells do?

  Destroy abnormal or infected cells
• What protein do cytotoxic T cells release to kill infected cells?

  Perforin
• What is the function of perforin?

  Creates pores in infected cell membranes
• What happens to a cell when perforin embeds in its membrane?

  It causes cell death
• Why do cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells?

  To prevent virus replication and spread
• What is the result of cytotoxic T cells acting on cells during a cold?

  They destroy infected throat cells
• What are the key steps in the cell-mediated response?

  1. Pathogen engulfed by phagocytosis
  2. Antigens presented on APC surface
  3. Helper T cells bind to antigens
  4. Activation and mitosis of helper T cells
  5. Differentiation into memory cells, cytotoxic T cells, or stimulation of B cells
  6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin to kill infected cells
• What are the roles of different T cells in the immune response?

  • Helper T cells: Activate B cells and macrophages
  • Cytotoxic T cells: Destroy infected or abnormal cells
  • Memory T cells: Store information about specific antigens
• What types of cells can act as antigen presenting cells?

  • Infected body cells
  • Macrophages
  • Cells of transplanted organs
  • Abnormal cells like cancer cells
• Who is the presenter of the video on the humoral response?

  1. S Drake
• What is the focus of the video presented by Mr. S Drake?

  The humoral response in immunity
• What type of cells are B lymphocytes also known as?

  B cells